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201.
Crickets can autotomize a limb in order to evade predation; however, this autotomy compromises their escape speed and, therefore,
their ability to avoid subsequent predation events. We recorded two measures of predator-avoidance behaviour in field crickets
(Gryllus bimaculatus) exposed to varying levels of predation threat, with the most extreme level leading to autotomy of a limb. Our first measure
of caution was time to emergence from cover, which was affected by perceived predation treatment, with both autotomized males
and females being significantly more cautious than intact individuals. For males (but not females), the presence of a calling
conspecific encouraged earlier emergence. Our second measure of caution was alteration of male calling behaviour. Autotomized
males remained silent for significantly longer time after disturbance than intact males, but there was no difference in call
rate once they had resumed calling, suggesting that behavioural changes were not merely a result of injury response but a
controlled modification of behaviour as a result of autotomy. These data suggest that autotomy in field crickets results in
altered calling behaviour, which was not significantly altered with different acoustic environments. 相似文献
202.
我国城市“双管”循环生态节水与可持续发展战略 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
李晶原 《城市环境与城市生态》1997,10(3):49-51
本文就我国目前城市用水仍采用单一的饮用水标准这一问题以及城市污水生态再利用问题提出了双管分流循环生态节水构想。 相似文献
203.
Statistical inference on patch-specific survival and movement rates from marked animals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael J. Conroy Jon E. Anderson Stephen L. Rathbun David G. Krementz 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》1996,3(2):99-116
Empirical estimates of patch-specific survival and movement rates are needed to parametrize spatially explicit population
models, and for inference on the effects of habitat quality and fragmentation on populations. Data from radio-marked animals,
in which both the fates and habitat locations of animals are known over time, can be used in conjunction with continuous-time
proportional hazards models to obtain inferences on survival rates. Discrete-time conditional logistic models may provide
inference on both survival and movement rates. We use Monte Carlo simulation to investigate accuracy of estimates of survival
from both approaches, and movement rates from conditional logistic regression, for two habitats. Bias was low (relative bias
< 0.04) and interval coverage accurate (close to the nominal 0.95) for estimates of habitat effect on survival based on proportional
hazards. Bias was high (
relative bias 0.60) and interval coverage poor (
= 0.26 vs. nominal 0.95) for estimates of habitat effect based on conditional logistic regression; bias was especially influenced
by heterogeneity in survival and the shape of the hazard function, whereas both bias and coverage were affected by ‘memory’
effects in movement patterns. Bias estimates of movement rate was low (
relative bias < 0.05), but interval coverage was poor (
= 0.48–0.80), possibly as a result of poor performance of a Taylor series estimate of variance. An example is provided from
a radio-telemetry study of 47 wintering American woodcock (Scolopax minor), illustrating practical difficulties in field studies to parametrize these models. We also discuss extensions of continuous-time
models to explicitly include a movement process, and further examine tradeoffs between continuous and discrete models. 相似文献
204.
David Goulson Jemma L. Cruise Kate R. Sparrow Adele J. Harris Kirsty J. Park Matthew C. Tinsley Andre S. Gilburn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(10):1523-1529
Flowers exhibit great intra-specific variation in the rewards they offer. At any one time, a significant proportion of flowers
often contain little or no reward. Hence, foraging profitably for floral rewards is problematic and any ability to discriminate
between flowers and avoid those that are less rewarding will confer great advantages. In this study, we examine discrimination
by foraging bees among flowers of nasturtium, Tropaeolum majus. Bee visitors included carpenter bees, Xylocopa violacea, which were primary nectar robbers; honeybees, Apis mellifera, which either acted as secondary nectar robbers or gathered pollen legitimately and bumblebees, Bombus hortorum, which were the only bees able to gather nectar legitimately. Many flowers were damaged by phytophagous insects. Nectar volume
was markedly lower in flowers with damaged petals (which were also likely to be older) and in flowers that had nectar-robbing
holes. We test whether bees exhibit selectivity with regards to the individual flowers, which they approach and enter, and
whether this selectivity enhances foraging efficiency. The flowers approached (within 2 cm) by A. mellifera and B. hortorum were non-random when compared to the floral population; both species selectively approached un-blemished flowers. They both
approached more yellow flowers than would be expected by chance, presumably a reflection of innate colour preferences, for
nectar standing crop did not vary according to flower colour. Bees were also more likely to accept (land on) un-blemished
flowers. A. mellifera gathering nectar exhibited selectivity with regards to the presence of robbing holes, being more likely to land on robbed
flowers (they are not able to feed on un-robbed flowers). That they frequently approached un-robbed flowers suggests that
they are not able to detect robbing holes at long-range, so that foraging efficiency may be limited by visual acuity. Nevertheless,
by using a combination of long-range and short-range selectivity, nectar-gathering A. mellifera and B. hortorum greatly increased the average reward from the flowers on which they landed (by 68% and 48%, respectively) compared to the
average standing crop in the flower population. Overall, our results demonstrate that bees use obvious floral cues (colour
and petal blemishes) at long-range, but can switch to using more subtle cues (robbing holes) at close range. They also make
many mistakes and some cues used do not correlate with floral rewards. 相似文献
206.
南京住宅小区雨水回用方案技术经济分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
分析了南京城区雨水资源量和杂用水需求量的关系,通过示例,提出了住宅小区4种雨水回用方案,进行工程造价、雨水处理成本等方面的技术经济比较,结果方案3最优。 相似文献
207.
208.
开花前后变水条件对春小麦的补偿效应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在防雨棚内的盆栽实验条件下,研究了4种梯度的10种不分组合对红芒麦和宁春10号产量及耗水量等的影响。结果表明,试验期间充分灌水,轻度,中度,重度干旱处理,随着干旱程度的加剧,株高,干物质积累,产量,耗水量都逐渐减少;红芒麦灌浆期不同程度的,匀有利于产量的形成,促进物质运输,提高千粒重,同时减少水分消耗,提高WUE;孕穗期干旱处理后,灌浆期复水,会造成减产,和灌浆期相比,孕穗期是水分的敏感的时期,而灌浆期对水分亏缺不敏感,两种小麦相比较,宁春10号耗水量大,产量低,抗旱性较强,图2表2参7 相似文献
209.
生态农业产业链应对农产品贸易绿色壁垒的策略与途径 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
加入WTO以来,我国农产品不断受到“绿色壁垒”的困扰,农产品出口和农业综合开发均受到较大影响。文章从牛态农业建设的角度分析了绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口贸易的影响,提出我国农产品冲破绿色贸易壁垒的几点建议,认为只有构筑现代生态农业产业链,在良性循环为基础的生态农业模式基础上,适应现代农业规模化、专业化、产业化、商品化的发展趋势,才能突破“绿色贸易壁垒”,拓展世界农产品绿色市场。可以在大型或多样化的企业形成良性循环的生态农业产业链,也可以由不同企业间或公司+农户联合形成生态农业产业链,并结合运用传统农业精华和现代科技手段,提高农业标准化水平,规避绿色壁垒,确保农业良好综合效益的实现。 相似文献
210.