Are Recent Watershed Disturbances Associated with Temporal and Spatial Changes in Water Quality of Lake George, New York, USA?

a (Chl a), silica (Si), and chloride (Cl) through the use of proper statistical techniques. Results indicate no statistically significant changes in the concentrations of TP, Chl a, or Si in the spring or summer from 1981 to 1993. A significant temporal trend of increase in Cl concentration is, however, detected. This is perhaps the strongest evidence that the development of the Lake George watershed has affected lakewater chemistry. In spring, the concentrations of TP, Chl a, Si, and Cl, averaged over all 13 years, were higher in the south basin, but differences are not statistically significant (i.e., P > 0.05). In summer, Si was slightly but significantly lower, and Cl was nonsignificantly higher in the south basin. Significant interactions between temporal and spatial changes are detected based only on summer values of TP and Chl a, indicating differential trends of change for these two variables in the south and north basins during the last 13 years.     

TRENDS IN PRECIPITATION AND STREAM CHEMISTRY IN A PRISTINE OLD-GROWTH FOREST WATERSHED,OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK,WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: Human induced long-term changes in precipitation and stream chemistry have been observed in eastern North America and Europe, but few long-term studies have been conducted in coastal western North America. The objectives of this research were to determine: (1) time trends in precipitation and stream chemistry in a pristine old-growth forest watershed, and (2) seasonal patterns in precipitation and stream chemistry. It was conducted in 58 ha West Twin Creek Watershed, Hoh River Valley, Olympic National Park, Washington from 1984 to 1993. Vegetation consists of old-growth forest, with western hemlock, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, Pacific silver fir, and Sitka spruce being the dominant tree species. Annual precipitation varied from 2336 to 4518 mm during the study period with the majority of the rain falling between October and May. Chemistry of precipitation was strongly dominated by oceanic influences with Na and Cl being the dominant ions. The chemistry of the stream was influenced by bedrock weathering and was dominated by Ca, HCO₃, and SO₄ and was not strongly related to precipitation chemistry. The pH of precipitation averaged 5.3 over time and ranged from 4.3 to 7.1, while the stream pH averaged 7.5 and ranged from 5.5 to 9.0. There were few long-term trends in the chemical constituents of bulk precipitation or stream water with the exception of a slight decrease in NO₃ in precipitation and an increase of SO₄ in stream water. A trend of decreasing concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na in precipitation also occurred. There were no significant seasonal patterns in precipitation although the highest SO₄ concentrations usually occurred in late spring and summer perhaps due marine algal activity. Strong seasonal trends occurred in concentrations of HCO₃, SO₄, Ca, Mg, and Na in stream water resulting from weathering and stream flow patterns, with highest ion concentrations occurring just before the onset of the rainy season. Pulses of NO₃ in the stream were observed during fall and early winter resulting from the release of NO₃ which had accumulated in soils or sediments.     

还原法处理电镀废水后铬反弹成因分析与对策

从化学热力学和电化学理论出发，结合目前普遍采用的还原——固体分离法处理含铬废水工艺，对固液分离后的上清液和沉降污泥Cr^6 含量以及Cr^3 ～Cr^6 之间的形态转化相关性进行研究和分析，进而提醒人们要特别注意控制含铬污水中铬反弹及全过程处理的完整性。     

Application of ground-based Lidar for studies of the dynamics of ozone in a mountainous basin

A ground-based Differential Absorption Lidar was employed to study the dynamics of atmospheric O3 within the planetary boundary layer of a basin in the 'Fichtelgebirge' mountains, NE Bavaria. In particular, the night-time dynamics of O3 linked to the ground were investigated. The Lidar system measured vertical profiles of O3 up to 1 km above ground. For detailed analysis of the night-time dynamics of ozone, supplementary data from three ground-based stations (measuring mixing ratios of O3 and NO(x), as well as meteorological parameters) are essential. The Lidar results could be evaluated with these data from various altitudes above the basin floor. For the station with the largest (vertical) distance to the ground-based Lidar, the agreement was very good at all times. The Lidar method proved to be useful for examining the spatial distribution of O3. The observed night-time decrease of O3 at the bottom of the basin was due to deposition and to advection of air masses containing less O3 from the mountain slopes.     

北京市冬季重污染期间PM2.5及其组分演变特征

通过实时在线监测了2018年11月27日~2019年1月15日北京市城区PM_2.5、水溶性无机离子（Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、F^-、Cl^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、PO₄^3-）、碳质组分（有机碳OC、元素碳EC）的质量浓度以及气态污染物浓度和气象要素,收集整理了近20年北京市冬季PM_2.5、主要离子组分以及碳质组分浓度,分析研究了1999~2018年北京市冬季PM_2.5、离子、碳质组分的变化特征,重点探讨了监测期间清洁日与两个典型重污染事件PM_2.5及其组分的演变特征.结果表明：研究期间PM_2.5浓度为53.5μg/m³,达到近20年北京市冬季较低值,且大气主要污染源由煤烟型污染源转变为燃煤型与机动车尾气复合型污染源.监测期间,湿度高、微弱的西南风导致重污染产生,清洁日、污染事件I与污染事件II PM_2.5平均浓度分别为32.5,138.9,146.8μg/m³且不同时段PM_2.5日变化趋势存在差异.各离子浓度变化为：NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Cl^- > K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > PO₄^3- > F^- > NO₂^-~Mg²⁺,总水溶性离子浓度为24.6μg/m³占PM_2.5总浓度的46.0%,其中SNA浓度占总离子浓度的83.7%,是离子中最主要的组分.碳质组分浓度达到近二十年北京市冬季最低值,变化为：一次有机碳POC > EC > 二次有机碳SOC,OC与EC相关系数达到0.99,一次燃烧源对污染过程有较大贡献.NH₄⁺在清洁日与污染II中富集,主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃和NH₄Cl形式存在,在污染I中较少,仅以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃存在.在污染I和II期间,SO₄^2-的形成昼夜均受相对湿度与NH₃影响;NO₃^-的形成白天受O₃与NH₃的影响,夜间受相对湿度和NH₃的影响.     

夏季汾河干流溶解无机碳同位素组成及其来源

根据2019年8月对汾河干流水文参数和碳酸盐参数的调查,初步探讨了溶解无机碳（DIC）及同位素值（δ¹³C_DIC）的沿程变化及其影响因素.结果显示,源头水DIC为2756μmol/kg,δ¹³C_DIC为-9.6‰,土壤CO₂输入和碳酸岩化学风化可能是其主要来源;在太原市区上游的水库影响区,较强的初级生产使得水体DIC（平均值为2377μmol/kg）和CO₂分压（pCO₂）（平均值为552μatm）偏低,δ¹³C_DIC（平均值为-5.2‰）偏正,而在市区下游的水坝滞流影响区,城市污水的大量输入和有机物的降解使得DIC（>4900μmol/kg）和pCO₂（>5000μatm）显著升高,δ¹³C_DIC（<-10.3‰）偏负;在流经主要粮食产区的汾河下游,δ¹³C_DIC偏正（~-8.0‰）于源头,可能与C4植被（如玉米）的存在有关.可见,人为干扰已成为影响汾河DIC沿程变化的重要因素,表现为大气CO₂强源的城市下游水坝滞留区在今后需受到更多关注.     

阜新市秋冬季节PM2.5中无机元素污染特征及来源

为研究阜新市秋冬交替期间大气PM_2.5无机元素污染特征及来源,于2017年10月、12月对城区4个点位采集样品,利用ICP-MS、AFS-8900、ICP-AES测定18种元素含量,结合气象参数,分析秋、冬两季PM_2.5污染特征,运用富集因子法（EF）、主成分分析法（PCA）及聚类分析法解析PM_2.5元素污染特征及来源.结果表明,阜新城区冬季PM_2.5质量浓度（56.5μg/m³）是秋季的1.5倍,秋、冬两季PM_2.5平均质量浓度为47.5μg/m³;冬季PM_2.5与SO₂、NO₂的同源性表现强于秋季;冬季PM_2.5中V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cd、Hg、Mg、Ti 12种典型人为源标识性元素总质量百分比（8.78%）是秋季的1.45倍,表明城区冬季PM_2.5显著受到人为活动影响.富集因子分析显示EF值大于100的元素为Cd、Hg、Zn,冬季EF（Cd）高达532.34,可能与城南3km公里处露天矿坑大量残煤自燃排烟有关;冬季EF（Cr）比秋天增高了7.9倍.源解析结果表明,燃煤与工业烟尘、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧及土壤风沙扬尘是阜新PM_2.5无机元素的主要来源.秋季表现出明显的来源复合性,第一主因子解释了变量总方差的77.013%,聚类分析第1类包含了Cd、Hg、Mn、Ni、As、V、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ti和Mg 12种元素;冬季则表现出明显的来源广泛性,表明冬季PM_2.5来源相对复杂,应强化冬季PM_2.5污染综合防治与管控.     

Characterization of precipitation in the background of atmospheric pollutants reduction in Guilin: Temporal variation and source apportionment

Rainfall samples were collected from three observation sites in Guilin from 2013 to 2017, and the chemical composition characteristics of precipitation and the contribution made by different ion sources were analyzed when atmospheric pollutants levels were reduced. The results showed that acid gas emissions and atmospheric pollutant concentrations continued to decline during the study period. However, the change in the volume-weighted mean pH at the three sites suggested that acid rain pollution was not alleviated and began to deteriorate after 2015. The continuing downward trend for alkaline neutralizing ions (Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺) in precipitation indicated that the reduction in alkaline neutralizing substances in the atmosphere was an important factor that led to the deterioration in acid rain across Guilin. The principal component analysis and spearman correlation analysis indicated five sources of ions in precipitation. Quantitative assessment of these five sources indicated that fossil fuel combustion contributed the most ions concentration in precipitation at the three sites, followed by agriculture, terrestrial (crustal) sources, marine sources, and biomass burning. Long-distance airflow might affect the acidity, the electrical conductivity (EC), and ion concentrations in precipitation across Guilin. The airflow trajectory from the west and southeast directions corresponded to higher acidity and ion concentrations. According to the current air pollution control strategy planned by Guilin, reducing atmospheric coarse particles and NH₃ at the same time may potentially lead to further deteriorations in acid rain contents. Therefore, Guilin needs to develop more reasonable pollution prevention measures that synergistically control atmospheric pollutants and acid rain pollution.     

有机无机肥配施对不同程度盐渍土N2O排放的影响

选取内蒙古河套灌区轻度盐渍土S_1(EC为0.46 dS·m~(-1))及中度盐渍土S_2(EC为1.07 dS·m~(-1))为研究对象,在等施氮量条件下,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同有机无机肥配施比例:CK(不施肥)、U_1(240 kg·hm~(-2)化肥)、U_3O_1(180 kg·hm~(-2)化肥+60 kg·hm~(-2)有机肥)、U_1O_1(120 kg·hm~(-2)化肥+120 kg·hm~(-2)有机肥)、U_1O_3(60 kg·hm~(-2)化肥+180 kg·hm~(-2)有机肥)和O_1(240 kg·hm~(-2)有机肥)对春玉米农田土壤N_2O排放的影响,旨在明确不同施肥策略下土壤N_2O排放特征,为制定盐渍化农田合理的减排措施提供理论依据.结果表明, 2种不同程度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放存在显著差异,同一处理S_2土壤N_2O排放总量较S_1土壤高出11.86%～47.23%(P0.05).各施肥处理对土壤N_2O排放通量影响趋势基本一致,即施肥后出现排放高峰,基肥和追肥后累积排放量占整个生育期排放量60%左右.适当施入有机肥可以显著降低土壤N_2O排放,S_1和S_2盐渍土分别以U_1O_1及O_1处理N_2O排放量最小,较U_1处理显著降低33.62%和28.51%(P0.05),同时可以获得较高的玉米产量.各施肥处理N_2O排放通量与土壤NH~+_4-N呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),而与土壤NO~-_3-N含量呈负相关关系,表明硝化作用是盐渍化玉米农田N_2O产生的主要途径,配施有机肥可以持续减少土壤NH~+_4-N供给而减少N_2O的排放.从玉米产量及减少温室效应的角度,得到本地区适宜的施肥管理模式:轻度盐渍土为120 kg·hm~(-2)有机肥+120 kg·hm~(-2)化肥,中度盐渍土为240 kg·hm~(-2)有机肥.     

地下水“三氮”污染来源及其识别方法研究进展

地下水"三氮"污染来源的识别研究对污染控制与修复有重要的意义.在阐述地下水"三氮"污染来源(大气氮沉降、土壤天然有机氮矿化、地表径流氮输入、人类活动氮排放等)及其在我国的分布特征的基础上,总结了国际上常用的"三氮"污染来源识别方法,包括水化学方法、统计学相关方法、区域氮平衡法、稳定同位素示踪法及一些新型示踪方法.指出由于"三氮"污染来源的多样性及污染形成机制的复杂性,单一识别方法在应用中均有较明显的局限性,目前主流识别手段为稳定同位素示踪法与多种识别方法相综合.进一步提出要加强新型示踪方法的开拓、定量识别方法的优化,污染源识别与迁移转化机制、地下水补排条件、地下水-地表水转化关系等研究相结合为未来发展的主要趋势.