基于双主体博弈的地方政府任期对区域环境合作稳定性影响研究

区域内地方政府合作是解决跨界环境污染的重要途径,我国现行环境管理体制决定了任期长短对地方政府是否环境合作具有重要影响。基于博弈论分析方法,针对地方政府任期对区域环境合作的稳定性影响进行了理论分析。首先,分析了完全信息静态博弈时两个地方政府非合作与合作情形下的均衡污染排放量,构建基于无限次重复博弈模型并讨论两个地方政府采取冷酷战略时彼此合作的临界贴现因子。然后,基于有限次重复博弈模型讨论了临界贴现因子与任期长短的关系。研究发现,贴现因子高于临界水平是地方政府选择环境合作的必要条件;而地方政府的任期越长则临界贴现因子越小,地方政府之间环境合作稳定性越强。基于此,提出了地方政府任期及环境保护终身追责等促进区域环境合作的建议。     

基于多人合作对策思想的总量控制优化治理投资费用分摊方法

分析了污染物总量控制中各排污单位公平合理分摊优化治理投资费用的必要性，并阐明了应用对策论解决优化治理投资费用分摊问题的可能性．对优化治理投资费用分摊多人合作对策模型的建立及其求解方法（Ｓｈａｐｌｅｙ值法、核心法、ＣＧＡ法、ＭＣＲＳ法等）进行了描述，并将其应用于一案例中．最后指出应用对策论于总量控制优化治理投资费用分摊中将有助于总量控制规划方案的顺利实施，有效地控制污染、改善环境，使经济得以持续发展．     

Survey of dioxin sources in the Baltic Region (extended summary)

The present paper summarises the results of the project: 'Survey of Anthropogenic Sources of Dioxins and Furans in the Baltic Region'. As a part of the project, inventories have been carried out in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland by applying the toolkit for quantification of dioxin and furan releases developed by UNEP Chemicals. The main route of direct releases to the environment is emission to air. Total emission to air from Poland was estimated at 490 (88-1,300) g I-TEQ/year, whereas the emissions from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were estimated as being 14 (2.4-54), 23 (2.6-63) and 17 (2.6-38) g I-TEQ, respectively. In general, the uncertainty on the estimates is very high, and recommendations regarding further development of the inventories have been made, and measures for reducing the releases have been provided.     

聚合氯化铝絮凝剂深度除磷实验研究

通过混凝实验考察了聚合氯化铝絮凝剂(PAC)除磷作用,研究探讨了聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDADMAC),赤泥与聚合氯化铝的协同除磷性能.研究表明,PAC具有良好的除磷效果,对模拟废水磷的去除率达94.6%,对实际污水总磷去除率达96.6%,浊度去除率达93.8%.赤泥能显著提高PAC的除磷效果,但PDADMAC没有明显作用.     

中芬林业合作第十次会议的报告及启示

中芬林业合作自1994年以来，确定了生物多样性保护、亚热带森林生物多样性、洞庭湖湿地保护和培训等为合作的重点和优先领域．本文在简要回顾中芬林业合作特别是落实第九次中芬林业合作的基础上，着重介绍了第十次会议的8项主要成果、6点主要体会与6条建议。     

美国高等职业教育的特点

美国职业教育立法具有阶段性、可操作性、科学性和先行性;高中后为非义务大学教育,包括综合性或研究型大学、普通本科大学和社区学院．社区学院主要承担高等职业教育,实行联邦政府引导、州政府和地方政府分级管理,重心是地方管理;职业教育改革的基本理论主要有人力资本理论和批判理论;形成了形式多样、多维交叉的办学格局,培养目标明确,强调技艺和操作技能,培养中级技术员;人才规格是“5种能力和3种素质”;课程体系包括普通课程、职业课程与学术课程,课程设置具有高度灵活多样和应用性;课程改革主要形式有合作学习、课程整合和STW课程框架;教师任职资格的标准很高,对教师管理非常严格,实行教师资格证书制;产教合作又称为“合作职业教育”,包括以雇主为基础的模式、收办学校模式和学习与就业连结模式;经费来源渠道主要是当地财产税、州政府拨款、联邦政府资助和学生学费．     

Contributions of paraecologists and parataxonomists to research,conservation, and social development

Citizen science has been gaining momentum in the United States and Europe, where citizens are literate and often interested in science. However, in developing countries, which have a dire need for environmental data, such programs are slow to emerge, despite the large and untapped human resources in close proximity to areas of high biodiversity and poorly known floras and faunas. Thus, we propose that the parataxonomist and paraecologist approach, which originates from citizen‐based science, is well suited to rural areas in developing countries. Being a paraecologist or a parataxonomist is a vocation and entails full‐time employment underpinned by extensive training, whereas citizen science involves the temporary engagement of volunteers. Both approaches have their merits depending on the context and objectives of the research. We examined 4 ongoing paraecologist or parataxonomist programs in Costa Rica, India, Papua New Guinea, and southern Africa and compared their origins, long‐term objectives, implementation strategies, activities, key challenges, achievements, and implications for resident communities. The programs supported ongoing research on biodiversity assessment, monitoring, and management, and participants engaged in non‐academic capacity development in these fields. The programs in Southern Africa related to specific projects, whereas the programs in Costa Rica, India, and Papua New Guinea were designed for the long term, provided sufficient funding was available. The main focus of the paraecologists’ and parataxonomists’ activities ranged from collection and processing of specimens (Costa Rica and Papua New Guinea) or of socioeconomic and natural science data (India and Southern Africa) to communication between scientists and residents (India and Southern Africa). As members of both the local land user and research communities, paraecologists and parataxonomists can greatly improve the flow of biodiversity information to all users, from local stakeholders to international academia.     

高职院校中“产学合作”运行机制的实施及评价体系的构建

从学校、企业、政策等方面分析了现有“产学合作”运行机制存在的问题，从知识机制、动力机制、调控机制、利益机制、风险机制及环境机制五个角度分析了校企“产学合作”机制发展的现状。以中国环境管理干部学院环境信息管理专业为例，提出了构建合理的“产学合作”评价体系的完整流程，流程中涵盖了评价的重要指标，从不同角度反映了合作的效果。     

环境污染损害案件中司法鉴定启动模式研究

目前中国的相关法律对于司法鉴定启动程序的规定存在不一致、不细致等问题,实践中难以达成一致.考虑到环境污染损害专业性、技术性以及证据的易逝性等特点,在环境污染损害案件中,应当允许当事人自行委托鉴定,即中国环境污染损害案件中司法鉴定启动模式应当采取当事人自行委托鉴定、当事人申请启动以及法院依职权启动相结合的模式,使得司法鉴定启动权在当事人与法院之间进行合理的配置.     

The Czech Republic’s approach to the EU 2030 climate and energy framework

ABSTRACT

The East-West divide within the EU over climate policy has been frequently discussed. There is a tendency in the literature to focus on Poland and ignore the other countries in the central and eastern European region. Here it is argued that the institutionalised cooperation between the four countries in the Visegrad Group (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) provides a crucial component for an understanding of how the participating countries approach EU climate negotiations. Here it is suggested that the group is important as a bargaining coalition but also as a reference point for the development of shared ‘Visegrad’ norms in the field. This is based on a case study of the Czech Republic’s approach to the 2014 negotiations on the 2030 climate and energy framework and the country’s cooperation with the other Visegrad countries on the issue.