环保型CO_2跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环性能研究

由于CFCs和HCFCs人工合成制冷剂破坏大气臭氧层,并产生温室效应,因此用自然工质替代合成工质越来越受到国内外制冷界的重视。文章对环保型CO2制冷工质进行了综合评价,并利用热力学原理建立模型,分析了CO2跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环的性能。结果表明:与CO2跨临界带节流阀制冷循环相比,CO2跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环明显提高了系统的性能系数(COP)。同时在保持压缩机排气压力和膨胀机等熵效率一定时,CO2跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环系统COP随着气体冷却器出口温度的增加而逐渐降低,但随着蒸发温度的增加而快速增加。在实际系统设计过程中,应综合考虑以上影响因素,以使系统设计最优化。     

中国农业生态补偿法律制度建设研究

2014年通过的《环境保护法》第31条规定:国家建立、健全生态保护补偿制度.紧随其后,2014年5月苏州市人大常委会正式批准了《苏州市生态补偿条例》,彰显了国家和地方政府对于生态补偿这一法律制度的重视.农业生态补偿作为生态补偿的一个具体分支,法律制度的建设,将对当前中国日趋严重的农业面源污染问题,提供一个现实的解决路径.文中找出农业生态补偿法律制度存在的问题,并提出具体的建设意见,为中国农业生态补偿法律制度的建设提供理论上的支撑.     

钻井平台石油污染法律问题研究——从墨西哥湾石油污染事件谈起

2010年4月20日美国路易斯安那州沿岸的一座石油钻井平台发生爆炸起火,11人死亡.底部油井漏油量从每天5千桶,到后来达2万5千至3万桶,演变成美国历来最严重的油污大灾难.海洋占整个地球表面积的71%,蕴藏着丰富的资源和能源,随着现代新科学技术的发展,海洋石油开采技术也日渐成熟,为缓解能源短缺提供了良好的解决途径,但同时也给海洋环境带来了问题.国际社会极度关注海洋油污问题,并进行了不懈的努力以减轻油污状况,改善海洋环境.本文主要考察针对海洋钻井平台的石油开采活动以及事故产生油污的相关国际国内法律文件,通过对相关法律文件的分析,揭示现有国内法律文件的不足,提出进一步完善相关法律的建议.     

罗尔斯顿的环境伦理学——生态系统中的自然关系

生态系统是作为一种整体而存在的,这个整体是独立的,自在的。作为整体,它是高于有机体个体的。其整体,又是有机体存在的外部环境和条件。但生态系统的存在,又是非意识化的,生态系统在自身的进化过程中,不具有明确的进化目的性,而只是一种随机进化的过程。正是这种随机性,才孕育出了生物及有机体的多样性,生态系统表面上的杂乱是出自于一种和谐,生态系统是一种松散的共同体式有机体秩序。     

加强生态环境保护建设走可持续发展道路

加强生态环境保护建设走可持续发展道路的客观依据是人与自然必须协调发展。如何正确对待人与自然之间的关系问题,实质上是一个如何正确处理人类社会实践的问题。本文列举了我国生态环境恶化的现状,分析了造成这种状况的主要原因。同时就我国生态环境保护建设中应如何增强全民的生态环境保护意识、依靠科技进步、建立和完善生态环境保护建设的法律及监督体系进行了全面阐述,提出了在整体上形成生态环境保护建设工作机制,走可持续发展道路的对策与措施。     

海峡两岸自然保护区比较研究

８０ 年代以来,海峡两岸在自然保护区建设方面都取得了较大成绩,但双方交流甚少,缺乏相互了解。本文重点对海峡两岸的自然保护区建设现状以及管理体制、分类系统、管理状况等进行了比较分析,并就如何进一步加强相互交流和促进中国自然保护区事业的发展提出相应的对策建议。     

Animal agency in wildlife conservation and management

Wildlife conservation and management (WCM) practices have been historically drawn from a wide variety of academic fields, yet practitioners have been slow to engage with emerging conversations about animals as complex beings, whose individuality and sociality influence their relationships with humans. We propose an explicit acknowledgement of wild, nonhuman animals as active participants in WCM. We examined 190 studies of WCM interventions and outcomes to highlight 3 common assumptions that underpin many present approaches to WCM: animal behaviors are rigid and homogeneous; wildlife exhibit idealized wild behavior and prefer pristine habitats; and human–wildlife relationships are of marginal or secondary importance relative to nonhuman interactions. We found that these management interventions insufficiently considered animal learning, decision-making, individuality, sociality, and relationships with humans and led to unanticipated detrimental outcomes. To address these shortcomings, we synthesized theoretical advances in animal behavioral sciences, animal geographies, and animal legal theory that may help conservation professionals reconceptualize animals and their relationships with humans. Based on advances in these fields, we constructed the concept of animal agency, which we define as the ability of animals to actively influence conservation and management outcomes through their adaptive, context-specific, and complex behaviors that are predicated on their sentience, individuality, lived experiences, cognition, sociality, and cultures in ways that shape and reshape shared human–wildlife cultures, spaces, and histories. Conservation practices, such as compassionate conservation, convivial conservation, and ecological justice, incorporate facets of animal agency. Animal agency can be incorporated in conservation problem-solving by assessing the ways in which agency contributes to species’ survival and by encouraging more adaptive and collaborative decision-making among human and nonhuman stakeholders.     

交通运输企业交通事故法律适用问题探讨

交通运输企业的交通运输事故法律适用问题引起了社会广泛争议。如不明确这个问题,对于执法主体、执法权限就不能明确,既会产生安全管理的盲区,有时候也会损害企业的相关权益。文章对《中华人民共和国安全生产法》适用范围条款进行了分析解读,阐明道路交通运输企业的交通运输安全问题既适用《安全生产法》,也适用《道路交通安全法》,二法之间不会有交叉,更不会产生冲突;同时也对道路交通事故的属性进行了分析,并探讨了交通运输企业交通事故的法律适用问题。     

Biomimicry: How the environment serves as a guide for technological advancements

Multiple ecological tactics, like the ones described here, can be imitated to strongly affect these two components in the construction sector. This article provides an in-depth examination of the literature on biomimicry-based strategies intended to enhance building designs. This analysis is motivated by the rising need for energy legislation to achieve future local goals and provide a framework for use in Panama. These biomimicry-based methods have undergone more review and evaluation, and the incorporation of organism-based design for three of Panama's climate types has been proposed. Therefore, a SWOT analysis assisted in realizing the full potential that biomimicry-based techniques might have in raising the likelihood of satisfying local and international regulatory standards. In order to design constructions using biomimicry, multidisciplinary collaboration is required. This gives a competitive edge for better-trained human resources and expands horizons in the conventional construction industry. Finally, the analysis provided here might act as the preliminary step for the additional technical assessment using numerical and experimental procedures.     

旅游和区域大气污染对四川九寨沟气溶胶的贡献

2010年4月~2011年4月,在九寨沟连续监测了总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和水溶性无机离子的浓度.结果表明:旅游活动显著增加了空气中TSP、SO42-、Ca2+、K+、NH4+和NO3-的含量,而Na+、Mg2+和Cl-则主要来自自然源;旅游强度最高时期(6~10月),降水对空气的清洗作用最强,气溶胶污染程度为全年最低;旅游强度较低时期(1~3、4~5和11~12月),降水量较低且西北沙尘易在春季抵达九寨沟,所以气溶胶污染程度较高;区域燃煤可能是气溶胶[SO42-]:[NO3-]比值较高的原因;生物质燃烧可能是K+在秋末至次年初春较高的原因之一.九寨沟大气环境已明显受当地旅游活动和污染物长距离传输的影响.