HAZOP分析技术改进研究

通过HAZOP分析技术研究,提出针对性的3方面改进措施:开发HAZOP偏差专家库,并在开发的辅助分析软件中进行自动关联提示,弥补分析成员经验不足;基于专业化的计划安排与分工控制分析过程,提高分析工作效率;简化分析范围,并借助偏差库的帮助简化重复工作。对开展HAZOP分析的时间给出了具体建议。最后,以改进的技术方案为基础,针对某装置HAZOP分析过程为例,与改进前HAZOP分析过程进行了对比。     

Nutrient-limited toxin production and the dynamics of two phytoplankton in culture media: A mathematical model

In this paper we have proposed and analyzed a simple mathematical model consisting of four variables, viz., nutrient concentration, toxin producing phytoplankton (TPP), non-toxic phytoplankton (NTP), and toxin concentration. Limitation in the concentration of the extracellular nutrient has been incorporated as an environmental stress condition for the plankton population, and the liberation of toxic chemicals has been described by a monotonic function of extracellular nutrient. The model is analyzed and simulated to reproduce the experimental findings of Graneli and Johansson [Graneli, E., Johansson, N., 2003. Increase in the production of allelopathic Prymnesium parvum cells grown under N- or P-deficient conditions. Harmful Algae 2, 135–145]. The robustness of the numerical experiments are tested by a formal parameter sensitivity analysis. As the first theoretical model consistent with the experiment of Graneli and Johansson (2003), our results demonstrate that, when nutrient-deficient conditions are favorable for the TPP population to release toxic chemicals, the TPP species control the bloom of other phytoplankton species which are non-toxic. Consistent with the observations made by Graneli and Johansson (2003), our model overcomes the limitation of not incorporating the effect of nutrient-limited toxic production in several other models developed on plankton dynamics.     

Relation between extinction and assisted colonization of plants in the arctic‐alpine and boreal regions

Assisted colonization of vascular plants is considered by many ecologists an important tool to preserve biodiversity threatened by climate change. I argue that assisted colonization may have negative consequences in arctic‐alpine and boreal regions. The observed slow movement of plants toward the north has been an argument for assisted colonization. However, these range shifts may be slow because for many plants microclimatic warming (ignored by advocates of assisted colonization) has been smaller than macroclimatic warming. Arctic‐alpine and boreal plants may have limited possibilities to disperse farther north or to higher elevations. I suggest that arctic‐alpine species are more likely to be driven to extinction because of competitive exclusion by southern species than by increasing temperatures. If so, the future existence of arctic‐alpine and boreal flora may depend on delaying or preventing the migration of plants toward the north to allow northern species to evolve to survive in a warmer climate. In the arctic‐alpine region, preventing the dispersal of trees and shrubs may be the most important method to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. The purported conservation benefits of assisted colonization should not be used to promote the migration of invasive species by forestry.     

施用生物炭对塿土土壤微生物代谢养分限制和碳利用效率的影响

土壤微生物代谢对土壤养分循环和生态系统的稳定至关重要.为明确施加生物炭对土壤微生物代谢养分限制和碳利用效率(carbon use efficiency, CUE)的长效影响机制,于2012年将果树树干、枝条生物炭(450℃、限氧条件下裂解)以不同用量(0、 20、 40、 60和80 t·hm~(-2))施入塿土,与耕层土壤(0～20cm)混匀,小麦玉米轮作7 a后,通过生态酶化学计量学对土壤微生物代谢养分限制特征进行了定量分析和比较.结果表明:①随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比显著提高,碳氮磷活性组分、微生物生物量碳氮磷和总磷未表现出明显的规律性,而5种胞外酶活性(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、亮氨酸氨基多肽酶、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和磷酸酶)显著降低.②所有处理土壤微生物均受磷限制;在施加生物炭各处理中,随施用量的增加微生物代谢碳和磷限制显著提高,微生物CUE显著降低;当生物炭施用量为20 t·hm~(-2)时,碳限制(0.625±0.022)和磷限制(62.153°±0.892°)最低,微生物CUE(0.511±0.007)最高.③偏最小二乘路径建模分析表明,土壤碳氮磷及其元素化学计量比对磷限制产生了直接的极显著正效应(P0.01),碳限制与磷限制呈正相关关系(R~2=0.242,P0.001),而碳磷限制又对CUE产生了极显著的负效应(P0.001).综上,过量施用生物炭使土壤元素化学计量失衡是导致土壤微生物代谢磷限制加剧的重要因素,继而诱导了微生物碳限制的增强和CUE的降低.当生物炭施加量为20 t·hm~(-2)时,微生物代谢所受碳磷限制最低,且具有最高的微生物CUE,对于调节土壤微生物代谢、维持生态功能和减少微生物二氧化碳排放最优.     

Drivers of microbial beta-diversity in wastewater treatment plants in China

As one of the most well-documented biogeographic patterns, the distance-decay relationship provides insights into the underlying mechanisms driving biodiversity distribution. Although wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are well-controlled engineered ecosystems, this pattern has been seen among microbial communities in activated sludge (AS). However, little is known about the relative importance of environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitation in shaping AS microbial community across China; especially they are related to spatial scale and organism types. Here, we assessed the distance-decay relationship based on different spatial scales and microbial phylogenetic groups by analyzing 132 activated sludge (AS) samples across China comprising 3,379,200 16S rRNA sequences. Our results indicated that the drivers of distance-decay pattern in China were scale-dependent. Microbial biogeographic patterns in WWTPs were mainly driven by dispersal limitation at both local and national scales. In contrast, conductivity, SRT, and pH played dominant roles in shaping AS microbial community compositions at the regional scale. Turnover rates and the drivers of beta-diversity also varied with microorganism populations. Moreover, a quantitative relationship between dispersal limitation ratio and AS microbial turnover rate was generated. Collectively, these results highlighted the importance of considering multiple spatial scales and micro-organism types for understanding microbial biogeography in WWTPs and provided new insights into predicting variations in AS community structure in response to environmental disturbance.     

Estimation of the possibility of cladoceran invasion and survival under conditions of competition in mesotrophic Lake Glubokoe

A possibility of introducing alien cladoceran species into the pelagial zone of mesotrophic Lake Glubokoe has been estimated. For this purpose, observations have been performed on the cohorts of alien species (Daphnia magna and Simocephalus exspinosus) and aboriginal species (Daphnia hyalina and Diaphanosoma brachyurum). The results show that competition is a factor preventing the introduction of weak competitors, such as D. magna, but admitting stronger competitors, e.g., S. exspinosus. Competition in the lake may influence not only the species structure of the zooplanktonic community, but also its vertical distribution.     

On temperature and water limitation of net ecosystem productivity: Implementation in the C-Fix model

Monitoring, understanding and modelling carbon emission and fixation fluxes are key actions to guide climate change stakeholders in the application of mitigation strategies. In this study, we use the remote sensing model C-Fix at the local stand scale to improve the integration of algorithms for water and temperature limitation. These new algorithms are applied to estimate net ecosystem productivity in a fully water limited mode.     

我国湖泊系统氮磷时空变化及对富营养化影响研究

本文收集整理了32篇已公开发表的学术论文的湖泊富营养化有效监测数据约140组,对湖泊氮磷时空特征和富营养化的关系进行分析。结果表明,我国湖泊总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的变化范围分别为0.11~29.2 mg/L和0.006~1.04 mg/L,其中氮的变异性比磷大。TN/TP的变化范围在0.86~84,几何平均值为16.43,这说明磷素是我国湖泊富营养化的一个主要限制因子。TN与纬度存在极显著的相关关系,随着纬度的升高,TN含量极显著地减少,但TN与经度的相关关系较弱(p=0.126),这可能与氮在经度上变异性大有关。TP与纬度和经度的相关关系都达到显著水平,随着经纬度的升高,TP显著地减少。TN/TP与经纬度也都存在显著的相关关系,随经度和纬度的升高,我国湖泊的TN/TP显著升高,表明磷素富集可能是造成南方湖泊的富营养化程度高的重要原因。我国湖泊水体氮素和磷素在化学计量上的变化,可能与我国目前湖泊富营养化频发密切相关。自上个世纪90年代至今,我国湖泊磷素含量上升极为显著,但氮素则变化不大(p=0.275),从而引起TN/TP显著下降,所以,解决我国湖泊富营养化问题的关键在于"磷"素的输入控制。     

海洋环境中的Fe及其对浮游植物的限制

在海洋环境中,痕量元素Fe成为了继N、P、Si三大生源要素后又一限制浮游植物初级生产力的重要元素.本文介绍了海洋中Fe的各种存在形态、生物可利用性,以及Fe的多种途径的输入来源、沉降过程.着重探讨了Fe对浮游植物初级生产力的限制作用以及对生物量、生长率、生化组成等的影响.了解海洋中Fe的生物地球化学特征对阐明海洋生态系统的循环机制有着深远的意义,并可为赤潮治理提供有益的帮助.     

三峡工程蓄水前后长江口水域营养盐结构及限制特征

根据2002～2004年11月对长江口及其邻近海域的调查结果,比较了三峡工程蓄水前后该海域溶解态营养盐结构以及浮游植物生长潜在的营养盐限制状况,初步分析了导致蓄水前后营养盐结构及限制状况变化的可能原因.结果表明,蓄水后口门内N∶P和Si∶P呈上升的趋势,N∶P增加了40％以上,Si∶P上升了6％,而Si∶N降低了26％.蓄水后口门外营养盐结构的变化趋势与口门内相似,但N∶P升高更为显著,与蓄水前相比增加了2倍以上,但Si∶N降低了20％.该水域浮游植物生长潜在的磷限制在三峡蓄水后增强.具有磷限制特征的样品比例从蓄水前的28.6%增加到蓄水后的70%以上,表明该海域潜在的磷限制区域有扩大的趋势.尽管蓄水后Si∶N降低显著,但未导致该水域出现潜在的硅限制.