环境管理政策的选择分析

环境管理政策的选择是一项复杂的决策过程 ,本文拟就环境管理政策的一般原理和基本过程进行阐述。一是对环境政策、环境管理政策的选择空间进行界定 ,对环境管理政策的选择进行分析 ;二是提出环境管理政策的选择原理和评判准则 ;三是对环境管理政策选择的可操作过程进行分析和论述。并由此得出 :环境管理政策的选择应在考虑具体的外部因素以及内部因素的基础上的政策择优 ,有效的环境管理政策的选择应该是给定约束条件下的管制手段、经济手段和劝说手段的恰当组合。     

Intrasexual selection in Mirza coquereli : evidence for scramble competition polygyny in a solitary primate

The primates of Madagascar (Lemuriformes) deviate from fundamental predictions of sexual selection theory in that polygynous species lack sexual dimorphism, have even adult sex ratios and often live in female-dominated societies. It has been hypothesized that intrasexual selection in these species is either reduced or primarily focused on traits related to scramble competition. The goal of this study was to examine these hypotheses by studying the mating system of a solitary nocturnal species, Mirzacoquereli. During a 4-year field study in western Madagascar, I captured and followed 88 individually marked animals. I found that adult males were significantly larger than females, providing the first evidence for sexual size dimorphism in lemurs. In addition, the adult sex ratio was biased in favour of females in 3 out of 4 years. There was no significant sex difference in canine size, however. Males showed pronounced seasonal variation in testis size with a 5-fold increase before and during the short annual mating season. During the mating season, males had more injuries than females and more than quadrupled their home ranges, overlapping with those of more than ten females, but also with about the same number of rivals. Only about one social interaction per 10 h of observation was recorded, but none of them were matings. Together, these results indicate that these solitary lemurs are clearly subject to intrasexual selection and that male-male competition is primarily, but not exclusively, of the scramble type. In addition, they suggest that the above-mentioned idiosyncracies may be limited to group-living lemurs, that social systems of solitary primates are more diverse than previously thought, and that the temporal distribution of receptive females is responsible for this particular male mating strategy. Received: 11 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 18 April 1997     

Parentage and paternal care: consequences of intersexual selection in Savannah sparrows?

Empirical relationships between parentage and male parental care are commonly interpreted in the context of life-history models that consider increased offspring survivorship as the only benefit of paternal effort. However, indirect benefits associated with male care can also influence a male's response to cuckoldry: if females allocate paternity according to their prior experience with male parental care, it may pay for males to provision extra-pair young in early broods. Here, I assess the relationship between first-brood parentage and paternal care in a population of Savannah sparrows (Passerculussandwichensis) where a male's fertilization success in the second brood appears to be influenced by his prior parental performance. Based on the multi-locus DNA fingerprinting of 17 first broods, male feeding effort was influenced by parentage (percent of brood resulting from within-pair fertilizations) but not by brood size, male mating status (monogamous versus polygynous), timing of breeding (hatching date), structural size (wing length) or condition (mass). Males provided more care to broods that contained few within-pair young. This result supports the idea that males provision young to increase their future mating success, but alternative hypotheses involving male quality and timing of breeding cannot be excluded. Received: 13 August 1996 / Accepted after revision: 22 February 1997     

"脱钩"评价模式及其对循环经济的影响

主要介绍西方研究经济增长与物质消耗关系的“脱钩”理论的两种主流评价模式：IU曲线和总量研究。通过对它们评价手段、评价过程的进一步比较、分析，作乾提出从理论推导和实际应用需求两方面看，利用IU曲线评价“脱钩”都存在一定的缺陷，应该对总量研究的评价模式给予更多关注，才能更深刻地体现循环经济实施过程中对可循环利用资源的需求迫切性。     

Colony choice in birds: models based on temporally invariant site quality

We propose two stochastic models to explain how birds choose colonies. In the resource choice model, birds settle at each site at a rate proportional to the total resources the site contains. In the reduced resource choice model, a smaller cohort of birds enters sites at a rate determined by the total resources at each, and the remaining individuals enter sites at a rate that is linearly proportional to the total number of birds already nesting at each site. Thus, a fraction of birds chooses sites based on the resources present, and the remainder are attracted to a site by the presence of other birds. Colony site quality is assumed not to vary between years. Both models result, on average, in an ideal free distribution of colony sizes if the birds' settlement rate is linearly related to the resources in a site, if resources are distributed equally among individuals within sites, and if individuals with equal resources have equal fitness. We applied these models to long-term data on colony sizes and site usage of cliff swallows in south-western Nebraska. A test of the resource choice model suggested that the swallow population as a whole did not choose sites based strictly on site quality or the total resources contained at each site. However, a test of the reduced resource choice model suggested that a smaller fraction of the individuals in each colony may have based their choice of site on local resource availability, with the remaining birds aggregating at those sites based on the number of birds already settled there. Tests of these models may provide insight into how individuals choose colony sites and why colonies vary in size.     

Acoustic Observations of Bottom Surge From Dredged Material Discharge in the Open Ocean

Bottom surges generated from dredged material discharges in the open ocean have been observed using high frequency acoustic concentration profilers in several field studies during the past five years. the locations, water depths, bottom slopes, oceanographic conditions, and dredged material composition differed from study to study. Observed surges at three dredged material disposal sites may develop more than one surge peak for a single discharge. for water depths of the order of 10 m, surge height of the leading peak was estimated to be about one quarter of the water depth. for water of greater depth, of the order of 100 m, surge height reached 70 m, about 70% of the water depth. Surge height is established instantaneously when dredged material hits the bottom, and remains relatively constant as the surge advances horizontally. Total surge length reached 150 m for water depths of 10 m when measured from the impact point to the leading edge. for water depths of more than 100 m, the surge length reached more than 100 m. Length of the leading surge peak was as large as 45 m at this water depth.

Dimensional analysis was applied to relate the surge height of the leading surge peak to discharge parameters and oceanographic conditions. Results showed that the ratio of surge height to water depth was proportional to 1/10 power of the ratio of discharge volume to the third power of water depth.     

温度-湿度-高度环境对航天火工装置性能的影响

目的 研究温度-湿度-高度环境对航天火工装置密封性能的影响机理.方法 调研"温度-湿度-高度"环境的由来,对比不同标准中试验方法的差异,分析其作用过程,并分析两起因温度-湿度-高度环境导致的火工装置失效案例的故障原因及机理.结果 由于低温、低压与高温、高湿多次相互转化的过程,装置表面的冷凝水因"负压"特性被"压"入装置...     

民机蒙皮材料紫外老化加速环境谱研究

研究紫外辐射环境对蒙皮材料的性能退化影响,进而对民机的紫外辐射防护设计提供重要依据,并依据其使用环境编制加速环境谱。通过分析民机的任务特点和使用环境,基于民机巡航高度下紫外辐射强度的仿真结果和相关紫外环境试验标准,提出了适用于民机蒙皮材料的紫外老化加速环境谱,给出了各试验条件的确定方法,以及加速环境谱与外场实际使用环境的当量加速关系。以民机机身部位蒙皮试样为例,初步开展了若干周期的紫外老化试验,蒙皮表面材料的形貌改变和性能退化验证了所提出的加速环境谱的可行性。     

不同配比复合材料对农田镉污染土壤的修复效果

通过盆栽试验研究了3种不同配比复合材料SC(石灰+有机复混肥以2∶3配施)、LS(硫酸亚铁+石灰以1∶1配施)和LB(硫酸亚铁+生物炭以1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4和1∶5配施)在不同添加量下对土壤Cd的生物有效性、小麦各部位Cd累积分布及产量的影响.结果表明:①添加3种复合材料均显著降低了土壤有效态Cd含量,降幅分别为50. 2%～81. 8%(SC)、29. 4%～48. 1%(LS)和18. 7%～42. 2%(LB);添加3种复合材料显著提高了土壤pH值,增幅分别为1. 37～2. 28(SC)、0. 41～0. 86(LS)和0. 14～0. 17(LB)个单位.②Cd在小麦各部位的累积分布规律为根叶茎颖壳籽粒,小麦各部位对Cd的转运能力表现为根颖壳茎叶.③与对照相比,添加0. 67%的SC显著增产56. 4%,添加0. 67%的LS显著增产51. 2%;添加复合材料LB可显著提高小麦产量,增幅为39. 6%～51. 2%.④相关分析表明,土壤pH值与土壤有效态Cd、小麦各部位Cd含量呈显著负相关关系;土壤有效态Cd含量与小麦各部位Cd含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0. 711(籽粒)、0. 817(颖壳)、0. 593(茎)、0. 630(叶)和0. 622(根);同时,小麦各部位Cd含量之间也存在显著或极显著正相关关系.⑤综合比较,添加0. 93%的SC使土壤pH增幅最大为2. 28个单位;土壤有效态Cd含量降幅最大为81. 8%.因此,添加0. 93%的SC最适用于农田Cd污染土壤的修复治理.     

磁性Fe3O4-CuO非均相活化过碳酸钠降解AO7

采用一步水热法合成了可磁性回收的Fe₃O₄-CuO材料并通过SEM-EDS和XRD进行表征.利用Fe₃O₄-CuO活化过碳酸盐（SPC）降解偶氮染料AO7,探究了Fe₃O₄-CuO投加量、SPC初始浓度、初始pH值和背景氯离子对Fe₃O₄-CuO/SPC体系降解AO7的影响,分析了体系的主要反应机理.实验结果表明,Fe₃O₄-CuO可以活化SPC降解AO7,反应随Fe₃O₄-CuO和SPC投加量的增加而加快,但过高的SPC投加量反而抑制AO7的降解.由于SPC的缓冲能力,该体系拥有广泛的pH适应能力且反应随着初始pH的升高而加快.染料废水中常见的Cl^-对AO7的降解有促进作用,Cl^-浓度越高降解速度越快.AO7的降解主要发生在材料表面,反应的主要活性物种为·OH,Fe₃O₄-CuO重复使用4次后依旧保持较高的催化活性体现了其良好的稳定性.该体系对AO7具有优异的脱色能力和较好的矿化效果.