地表火蔓延的真实感仿真

地表火蔓延的计算机仿真在火灾的扑救、预防及评估等方面具有重要的应用价值。现有的研究大多偏重于火焰蔓延的数值模拟和简单可视化,影响了人们对火灾蔓延的直观认识和临场感。提出了一种基于图形绘制技术的地表火蔓延的真实感仿真技术。首先,根据地表火蔓延的物理规律,并考虑到地形、气候和可燃物等因素的影响,提出了一种基于Rothermel模型的地表火随时间变化蔓延的建模方法。然后,采用基于GIS地形数据和高程图绘制相结合的方法绘制场景地形。再改进传统的粒子系统绘制技术对火焰进行真实感绘制。该方法可以通过变化不同的参数而富有真实感地再现不同环境条件下地表火蔓延场景,能够为灭火决策提供依据。最后,文中给出了不同条件下地表火场景的绘制结果。     

Physical and motor development in male and female rat offspring prenatally exposed to gamma radiation

Abstract

The effects of radiation on physical and motor development of male and female rats exposed to ionizing radiation in utero were studied. Rats were exposed to three different doses of radiation (150 rad, 15 rad and 6.8 rad, considered as high, moderate and low doses of radiation respectively) on the 20th day of prenatal life. Exposure to 150 rad contributed to significantly lower body weights of both male and female rat offspring. Upper jaw tooth eruption was delayed in 150 rad treated male offspring, as well as in 15 rad and 150 rad treated female offspring. Cliff‐avoidance response was delayed in 6.8 rad, 15 rad, and 150 rad treated male offspring; and 150 rad treated female offspring. Lower jaw tooth eruption, eye opening, and crawling were not affected by radiation in male or female animals. Results indicate that radiation affected the developmental parameters of both male and female rat offspring, and sex of the offspring played no role in the magnitude of radiation induced damages.     

聚硅硫酸钛（PTSiS）的合成及形貌分析

以硅酸钠和硫酸钛为原料,用共聚法制备了不同硅钛比(硅钛摩尔比分别为3∶1、1∶1和1∶3)的新型绿色无机高分子絮凝剂——聚硅硫酸钛(PTSiS)。用紫外连续扫描光谱仪(UV/Vis)、红外光谱仪(IR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和倒置生物显微镜对样品中钛硅的微观品貌进行了多方面物性分析。结果表明:当硅钛比为3∶1时,硅酸钠和硫酸钛反应完全。此时,聚硅酸的骨架硅(Si—O—Si)与钛元素发生同晶取代或与钛离子水解形成的表面羟基发生络合,形成的聚硅硫酸钛(PTSiS)是一种高分子的硅钛聚合物,而不是单纯的原料混配。另外,聚硅硫酸钛(PTSiS)具有枝杈长链的网络结构,其骨架主要由框架钛结构(Ti—O—Si)组成。     

粉煤灰对水溶液中磷的吸附性能及机理

以粉煤灰为吸附剂去除溶液中的磷,考察了其吸附除P动力学特征、热力学特征以及溶液初始pH和粉煤灰投加量对吸附除P效果的影响,并对其吸附除P机理做了初步探讨。结果表明,在给定实验条件下,粉煤灰对P具有较好的去除效果,随着初始P浓度从10 mg/L升高到80 mg/L,平衡吸附量为0.46～2.44 mg P/g粉煤灰,吸附效率从92.2%降低至61.1%;对不同浓度的含P溶液,粉煤灰最适用量为0.6～1.5 g粉煤灰/mg P;相同反应条件下,当温度由25℃升高到45℃时,P初始吸附速率提高了3倍;粉煤灰对P的吸附过程能够较好地拟合Langmuir、Freundlich及D-R吸附等温模型,相关系数均在0.98以上。通过对吸附饱和的粉煤灰进行解析实验发现,初始P浓度较低(<50 mg/L)时,以化学吸附为主,而在初始P浓度较高(>80 mg/L)时,则以物理吸附为主。     

The impact of state level behavioral regulations on traffic fatality rates

Introduction

A state by year panel is analyzed to simultaneously explore the statistical correlation between state level traffic fatality rates and state level behavioral regulations regarding teen licensing, seat belt use, and driving under the influence (DUI) in a model that also controls for other correlates.

Method

By including measures of all three of these policies, the estimated policy effects should not be overstated due to underspecification bias. The panel includes the 48 contiguous U.S. states for the time period from 1999 through 2003. State fatality rates are measured as fatalities per million miles traveled. Measures of state policies regarding traffic safety related behavior are based on information gathered by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Estimates are calculated via a time fixed effects model that uses the double-log form to allow for interaction effects between the independent variables.

Results

Least squares estimates indicate that, on average, more restrictive graduated teen licensing and DUI policies significantly reduce traffic fatality rates, while stricter seat belt enforcement policies have a statistically insignificant negative impact on fatality rates.     

紫外耦合游离亚硝酸强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸研究

为打破传统厌氧发酵过程中污泥破壁溶胞困难和产酸效能低的瓶颈,探究了紫外光（UV）耦合游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理对污泥发酵产酸的影响,并与热（H）和超声法（US）耦合FNA预处理进行了对比分析.结果表明,UV辅助FNA联合预处理（FNA-UV）对细胞破碎和胞外聚合物的剥离具有协同效应,·OH和·O₂^-作为反应中间体,其强度远高于其他预处理组（FNA-US和FNA-H）,与·NO,·NO₂及ONOO^-等中间产物共同促进了溶解性有机物的释放,溶解性碳水化合物和蛋白质含量相比FNA组分别提升60%和90%,进而为后续水解产酸过程提供了充足的底物.FNA-UV组短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）浓度于第4d达到峰值,为（201.8±4.8） mg COD/g VSS,相比FNA组提升67%,乙酸占比高达56.8%.通过发酵末期对各体系进行碳平衡分析表明,紫外耦合FNA预处理在污泥减量、溶解性有机物的释放与转化、SCFAs的产生方面具有重要作用.微生物群落分析表明,FNA-UV对功能菌群的富集发挥重要作用,表现为厌氧发酵菌和反硝化菌的有效增强,相比其他各组提升了23.7%~270.6%.     

污泥浓度对微孔曝气氧传质过程的影响

污泥浓度是影响微孔曝气氧传质过程的重要因素之一。在小试及中试规模上，研究了不同污泥浓度对微孔曝气氧传质过程的影响，得出曝气性能随污泥浓度的变化规律。结果表明，当污泥浓度低于2000mg／L时，曝气性能随浓度的增大而增强，在2000～3000mg／L时，KLa达到最大值；当污泥浓度大于2000～3000mg／L时，曝气性能随污泥浓度增大而降低，当污泥浓度大于5000mg／L时，曝气性能急剧降低。这一规律对于在设计和运行中合理确定污水处理中的污泥浓度，在达到处理效果的前提下，尽量降低电耗具有重要意义。     

乡村地域生态服务功能演化测度——以南京市为例

乡村在社会发展中有重要的腹地价值,乡村地域空间结构的演化对生态服务功能有重要的影响。以南京市为例,在乡村实体地域范围基础上进行乡村地域生态服务功能演化测度研究,利用遥感定量测量和CASA模型测算分析南京市1985—2016年乡村地域生态服务功能演化。研究表明：（1）1985—2000年,乡村各种生态服务功能价值都存在降低的趋势; 2000—2016年,除水源涵养功能外,其他各种类型生态服务功能价值仍存在降低的趋势。（2）第一阶段乡村生态服务功能损失较大的地区主要集中在南部、南偏西和南偏东方向;第二阶段,生态服务功能价值在北部和北偏西方向有了提升,其他方向均有不同程度减少。（3）乡镇工业化阶段,生态服务功能受乡村内部土地利用变化影响较大;在城市化水平快速提升阶段,城市扩展对乡村生态服务功能的影响更大。     

地下水氮污染原位修复缓释碳源材料的研发与物化-生境协同特性

地下水流速及物质间反应均处于缓慢状态,因此向地下水环境中投加的修复材料应具有缓释性.本研究针对浅层地下水特性及氮赋存特征,以农业废弃物和零价铁(Fe0)为基料,耦合生物、化学反应,开展具有物化-生境协同作用的缓释碳源材料的研发和性能研究.所研发材料具有内核和外壳双层结构.内核为修复基质层,由农业废弃物与Fe0等原料组成.其中,农业废弃物提供微生物所需碳源,Fe0还原水体中硝酸盐氮及DO,快速脱氮并促进厌氧环境形成.外壳为溶质运移渗透层,由原生矿物等组成,可包覆内核材料,减缓内核碳源释放、吸附二次污染物.材料物理测试显示,其内核均匀交联,外壳呈明显均匀孔隙结构(SEM),颗粒强度高达每颗80~105 N,具有良好的机械抗压性;材料密度最低可达1.1 g·cm~(-3),无水中漂浮现象;缓释实验表明,该材料具有良好的碳源缓释性,其总有机碳(TOC)释放量[Max:21~25 mg·(g·L)~(-1)]和速率[Max:0.185 mg·(g·L·d)~(-1)]始终呈现平稳状态,而农业废弃物释碳量[Max:53~75 mg·(g·L)~(-1)]及速率[Max:0.455mg·(g·L·d)~(-1)]波动较大.进一步功能基因丰度分析,材料浸出液有利于反硝化细菌代谢活动.脱氮和捕氧实验初期,该材料体系以Fe0化学脱氮为主,并降低水体DO,有利于反硝化进行;随后,生物反硝化占主导地位,材料脱氮率与其Fe0含量相关性变小,体系形成物化-生境协同脱氮途径.     

Near Field Dispersion in the Urban Environment - A Hydraulic Flume Study

The dispersion of material released from a point source immediately upwind of an obstacle array has been examined in a hydraulic flume with a low level of background turbulence. The main purpose of the experiments was to examine the interaction of the plume and the internal boundary layer (IBL) created over the obstacle array. The obstacle array consisted of 11 rows of cubes at 16% packing density in a staggered arrangement. Plume dispersion was measured using flow visualization with Rhodamine dye and also with a thermal tracer technique. During the experiments the source release height was varied between z = 0 and z = 4H, where H is the obstacle height. For the low-level releases, the upper boundary of the plume followed the growth of the IBL over the array. For higher level releases (z/H 2) the rate of plume growth was much reduced until the point downstream where it descended into the IBL, after which it experienced the intense turbulent mixing within the array. This suggests that the urban lateral spread parameter _y should be a strong function of height in situations where the turbulence level in the ambient approach flow is low. These results highlight the importance of the ambient turbulence even in strongly obstacle-affected dispersion.