2010年生物多样性目标:指标与进展

针对全球生物多样性急剧下降的态势,2002年<生物多样性公约>缔约方大会通过了2010年生物多样性目标,即"到2010年大幅度降低全球、区域和国家的生物多样性丧失速度".文章分析了2010年生物多样性目标的产生背景和主要内容,讨论了2010年目标评估指标,阐述了全球和国家层次的2010年目标实施进展.最后,展望了2020年生物多样性目标及其战略重点、实施支持机制.     

关于习近平生态文明思想的理论与制度创新问题的探讨

习近平生态文明思想源自于三个方面的理论与实践,包括马克思主义关于人与自然关系思想、全面深化改革和依法治国思想,以及相关自然科学和社会科学理论,由此确立了生态文明建设的基本理念和方略、路径保障以及方法、目标和制度。本文从总体上探讨了习近平生态文明思想的理论与制度创新问题,重点剖析了"两山论"与环境经济规律、"生态环境民生福祉""全民行动"与环境社会规律、山水林田湖草生命共同体与生态系统理论之间的内在联系和实践脉络,梳理了共谋全球生态文明建设与全球环境治理的思想和实践进程,进一步明确了习近平生态文明思想与社会主义生态文明建设总布局的关系和重大意义。     

厌氧-好氧组合工艺去除有机物和氮的可行性研究

为寻求一种较低成本、高效率的生活污水处理工艺,研究了厌氧消化(UASB)-好氧(BF)后处理组合工艺同时去除生活污水中有机物和氮的可行性.系统的水力停留时间分别设为12、10、8、5 h,有机容积负荷分别为1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0 g / (L·d),出水COD低,平均去除率均大于92%;TN容积负荷分别为62.5、75.3、82.8、159.3 mg/(L·d),TN去除率分别为82.79%、79.97%、76.25%、67.83%.长期生存在微氧条件下,颗粒污泥的紧密度和沉降性能均低于接种厌氧,粒度增大,比产甲烷活性略有降低,但仍保持在较高水平.     

Emotional,physical, and social needs among 0–5‐year‐old children displaced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake: associated characteristics and exposures

An 8.8‐magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Chile on 27 February 2010, displacing nearly 2,000 children aged less than five years to emergency housing camps. Nine months later, this study assessed the needs of 140 displaced 0–5‐year‐old children in six domains: caregiver stability and protection; health; housing; nutrition; psychosocial situation; and stimulation. Multivariate regression was applied to examine the degree to which emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with baseline characteristics and exposure to the earthquake, to stressful events, and to ongoing risks in the proximal post‐earthquake context. In each domain, 20 per cent or fewer children had unmet needs. Of all children in the sample, 20 per cent had unmet needs in multiple domains. Children's emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with ongoing exposures amenable to intervention, more than with baseline characteristics or epicentre proximity. Relief efforts should address multiple interrelated domains of child well‐being and ongoing risks in post‐disaster settings.     

The Need to Disentangle Key Concepts from Ecosystem‐Approach Jargon

The ecosystem approach—as endorsed by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB) in 2000—is a strategy for holistic, sustainable, and equitable natural resource management, to be implemented via the 12 Malawi Principles. These principles describe the need to manage nature in terms of dynamic ecosystems, while fully engaging with local peoples. It is an ambitious concept. Today, the term is common throughout the research and policy literature on environmental management. However, multiple meanings have been attached to the term, resulting in confusion. We reviewed references to the ecosystem approach from 1957 to 2012 and identified 3 primary uses: as an alternative to ecosystem management or ecosystem‐based management; in reference to an integrated and equitable approach to resource management as per the CBD; and as a term signifying a focus on understanding and valuing ecosystem services. Although uses of this term and its variants may overlap in meaning, typically, they do not entirely reflect the ethos of the ecosystem approach as defined by the CBD. For example, there is presently an increasing emphasis on ecosystem services, but focusing on these alone does not promote decentralization of management or use of all forms of knowledge, both of which are integral to the CBD's concept. We highlight that the Malawi Principles are at risk of being forgotten. To better understand these principles, more effort to implement them is required. Such efforts should be evaluated, ideally with comparative approaches, before allowing the CBD's concept of holistic and socially engaged management to be abandoned or superseded. It is possible that attempts to implement all 12 principles together will face many challenges, but they may also offer a unique way to promote holistic and equitable governance of natural resources. Therefore, we believe that the CBD's concept of the ecosystem approach demands more attention. La Necesidad de Desenredar Conceptos Clave del Argot Ambiente‐Estrategia     

Environmental awareness and the contemporary society of China——an analysis and an understanding

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｗｏｒｄ“ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ”ｎｏｗｂｅｃｏｍｅｓａｃａｔｃｈｗｏｒｄｉｎＣｈｉｎａ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｔｅｒｍ“ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ（ＥＡ）”ｉｓｓｔｉｌｌｎｏｔｉｎｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ．ＴｈｉｓｉｓｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｗｈｙＩｔｒｙｔｏｍａｋｅａｂｒｉｅｆｉｎｑｕｉｒｙｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅＥＡａｎｄＣｈｉｎａ○ｓｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ．ＥＡｉｓａｎｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｆｖ…     

防震减灾与社区建设

本文从建设安全社区,打造平安城市,构建和谐社会的角度,分析阐述了防震减灾工作在构建和谐社会中的基础作用。     

土地利用/覆盖变化混合动态监测方法研究

针对当前土地利用/覆盖变化动态监测中常用的分类后比较法中存在的误差累积 ,夸大变化程度的缺陷 ,提出了把变化矢量分析和分类后比较法相结合进行混合动态监测的新方法。从北京市海淀区的实例研究来看 ,尽管该方法对单景图像分类精度提高不明显 ,却可以大大降低常规分类后比较法中误差累积的程度 ,改善了常规分类后比较方法中误差累积、出现不合理变化类型的缺陷 ,从而得到较为准确的土地利用/覆盖变化定量信息。     

居住区生活环境质量影响因素的多元统计分析与评价

对杭州、厦门、南京及温州市１７个居住区共１２９７户居民进行生活环境质量调查，在计算机上建立了数据库并进行平均值分析、相关分析、主成分分析及因子分析。结果表明，有３－５个独立因子共同决定居住环境的主观评价，它们是景观因子、设施因子、安全和交通因子。分析还表明，居民对居住区总感受的评分主要由居住区可视环境因素，如景观，绿化、三废污染防治及环境卫生所决定。     

上海市地表水水质近20年的变化

利用1983-1999年的水质监测数据和有关的自然社会经济统计数据，研究了上海市地表水水质近20年的变化，并对影响水质变化的自然社会经济因素进行了探讨，研究发现：（1）上海市近20年的地表水水质变化可分为缓慢恶化，加速恶化和逐渐改善3个阶段，1996年是水质变化趋势的转折点；（2）水质变化主要受人类社会经济活动影响，与水文气象因素相关性较小；93）农牧业，生活污染是影响水质变化的主要因素；（4）农牧业，生活污染的迅速上升趋势受到遏制，工业污染持续减少，而城市污水处理能力呈跳跃式大幅度增长，是水质恶化趋势发生逆转的根本原因；（5）上海市的高度城市化进程在1996年后已转变为地表水水质改善的积极动力和重要原因。