The emergence of global environmental awareness

An effective plan for global ecosystem management must be developed in the next 10 or 20 years. Awareness of the need has recently emerged, but still no integrated resource management system is universally accepted. A fragmented management approach has not been effective. Any successful course of action must be based on three assumptions: (1) that science can determine how ecosystems function, (2) once this is known, the social/political system will be able to protect ecosystems to the extent needed for the survival of human society, and (3) reality will take precedence over political expediency because Mother Nature cannot be fooled. This discussion focuses on the transition from awareness to taking effective action.     

提升“小康社会”环境质量综合指数的对策措施

环境质量综合指数是南京市建设“小康社会”的难点、核心指标,通过分析环境质量状况和环境保护工作的现状,提出了创建期间有关环保工作的机制、管理的重点和工程措施等对策与措施.     

声誉诉求对农户亲环境行为的影响研究——以家禽养殖户污染物处理方式选择为例

面临严峻的农村面源污染形势,政府现行的"自上而下"的治理模式无法实现有效监督。构建自主治理制度,激励农户践行亲环境行为,将成为未来解决农村环境问题的路径选择之一。如何有效规范农户污染处理行为,成为目前亟待解决的问题。文章基于声誉理论构建理论分析模型,从微观层面分析了在农村"熟人社会"场域下,农户声誉诉求对其亲环境行为的影响机制。以农户家禽养殖污染处理行为为例,利用全国8个省330户家禽养殖户的调查数据,通过4个指标测度了农户社会声誉诉求的强弱,并通过主成分分析和加权平均方法分别构建了农户声誉诉求的综合指数。在此基础上,应用Probit计量经济模型,实证检验了声誉诉求对养殖户污染物废弃行为存在抑制作用的假说,并比较了现行政府规制措施的实施效果。实证研究结果表明:1农户声誉诉求对其亲环境行为存在显著的促进作用;2政府引导对养殖户污染物废弃的抑制作用显著,而政府管制措施却未表现出显著影响。基于此,本文得出如下结论:第一,个人对声誉关注程度越高,违反社会准则的成本就越高,个人就有越强的动机遵守社会规范、自我约束污染物废弃行为。"熟人社会"的农村社区中存在较强的社会规制作用和社区成员参与公共环境自觉维护的激励机制。第二,在强制性环境管制难以有效实现的农村环境下,政府通过引导和宣传诱致农户自觉践行亲环境行为,构建环境自我监督机制,或可成为农村环境治理的有效途径。强化社区成员声誉效用和社会责任意识可成为乡村环境治理相关法律和公共管理制度建设的重要补充。     

Scaling up site disputes: strategies to redefine ‘local’ in the fight against fracking

Plans to replace an aging diesel backup energy plant with liquid natural gas (LNG) generators in Whitehorse, Yukon, resulted in a public outcry, involving community meetings, massive petitions, and demonstrations. Are these civil society protests just a case of a local siting dispute – a response to an unwanted industrial site in an urban neighborhood? Here, it is argued that siting debates are not the driver of these campaigns, but instead are harnessed by activists to advance a broader environmental movement. By linking the LNG project to more distant extraction, involving hydraulic fracturing (‘fracking’), movement leaders portray the entire territory as part of the ‘local’ for Whitehorse residents. Movement leaders rely upon two key mechanisms: claiming insider status, and identifying visible symbols. This case reveals the strategic use by environmental movements of local concerns to recruit support for broader campaigns, and the value of local, place-based activism for broader environmental movements.     

安全生产与经济社会发展之关系的研究——以广东省为例

以广东省为例,通过对省内近几年的经济社会发展状况和安全生产事故的相关指标进行统计分析,从事故对经济社会影响和安全生产与GDP、产业结构、产业集群及区域差异的相互作用等方面分析安全生产与经济社会发展的相互作用,阐明安全生产状况与一定时期内社会经济发展水平有着密切的关系,即在不同的经济社会发展阶段,安全生产状况呈现不同的特点和发展趋势,而一定时期内的安全生产水平对经济社会发展有着重要影响。针对新时期的安全生产状况提出相应的对策,以促进区域内经济社会的和谐发展,对全省区域内的安全生产工作规划有着借鉴和参考作用。     

人与自然和谐是构建和谐社会的物质基础

在剖析和谐社会及人与自然和谐基本内涵的基础上。通过分析资源短缺、生态破坏和环境污染对社会和谐的破坏作用。阐明了人与自然和谐是构建和谐社会的基本前提；通过分析加强环境保护、合理开发利用资源可以促进民主法治和公平正义。促使社会充满活力、安定有序。促进经济繁荣和持续发展。阐明了以人与自然和谐推进和谐社会的构建。进而全面论述了人与自然和谐是构建和谐社会的物质基础。     

品牌经济与“两型”社会的建设——基于Hotelling模型的推导

改革开放三十年来以代工贸易为主的经济增长,在创造大量国民财富的同时,也来造成了严峻的资源短缺和生态破坏.因此,中国政府把建设"资源节约"和"环境友好"的"两型"社会,提升到国家未来发展战略的高度予以重视.而建设"两型"社会的关键,在于设立合理的制度安排,以实现企业行为与社会可持续发展的目标保持一致.就传统手段而言,这种制度安排主要依赖政府所设立的生态补偿机制.但是,这一机制在实践中存在诸多问题,大有完善的空间.本文基于Hotelling模型关于企业间博弈的相关主张,从企业理性行为的角度,寻求一条不同于政府被动监管行为的路径,来实现"两型"社会的建设蓝图.模型推导认为,品牌经济的发展模式可以有效激励企业采取长期导向、追求价值差异和关注公司声誉,进而实现资源节约及环境友好的社会福利改进.并且,由于这种机制兼顾了企业的盈利动机,因而更能够在实践当中行之有效,能指导各个地区实现经济发展模式的转型与升级.     

Global reforestation and biodiversity conservation

The loss of forest is a leading cause of species extinction, and reforestation is 1 of 2 established interventions for reversing this loss. However, the role of reforestation for biodiversity conservation remains debated, and lacking is an assessment of the potential contribution that reforestation could make to biodiversity conservation globally. We conducted a spatial analysis of overlap between 1,550 forest-obligate threatened species’ ranges and land that could be reforested after accounting for socioeconomic and ecological constraints. Reforestation on at least 43% (∼369 million ha) of reforestable area was predicted to potentially benefit threatened vertebrates. This is approximately 15% of the total area where threatened vertebrates occur. The greatest opportunities for conserving threatened vertebrate species are in the tropics, particularly Brazil and Indonesia. Although reforestation is not a substitute for forest conservation, and most of the area containing threatened vertebrates remains forested, our results highlight the need for global conservation strategies to recognize the potentially significant contribution that reforestation could make to biodiversity conservation. If implemented, reforestation of ∼369 million ha would also contribute substantially to climate-change mitigation, offering a way to achieve multiple sustainability commitments at once. Countries must now work to overcome key barriers (e.g., unclear revenue streams, high transaction costs) to investment in reforestation.     

我国合同能源管理制度创新机制研究

节能减排是建设"环境友好型、资源节约型"社会进程中的核心问题之一。相对于"控制、命令"型的政府主导的节能模式,运用市场化机制促进节能的合同能源管理模式具有其独特的资源配置优势。我国合同能源管理近年来虽有较大的发展,但在信用体系建设、融资平台建设、能效评估体制和政府采购制度等诸多方面存在改进空间。     

Effect of imazaquin applications on the growth,leaf chlorophyll and yield of soybean in the Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

Abstract

Field trials were conducted during the wet seasons of 1989, 1991, 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the effects of pre‐emergence and post‐emergence applications of four rates of imazaquin (0.00; 0.15; 0.30 and 0.45kg a.i/ha) on the growth, leaf chlorophyll types and grain yield of soybean c.v. SAMSOY 2. Imazaquin applications had no significant effect on the growth of soybean roots on most of the sampling dates, but pre‐and post‐emergence applications of imazaquin at 0.30 and 0.45kg a.i/ha reduced soybean root nodules at 5 and 7 weeks after planting (WAP). Soybean shoot growth was generally reduced at 5WAP by the pre‐emergence and at 7WAP by the higher rates (0.30 & 0.45kg a.i/ha) of post‐emergence application of imazaquin. Pre‐and post‐emergence applications of imazaquin showed a strong tendency to reduce the concentration of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll at at 3 and 5WAP respectively. The concentrations of chlorophyll types in soybean leaves at 9WAP was generally comparable among most treatments especially in 1991. Whole plant fresh weight of soybean at 7WAP was reduced by all rates of post‐emergence application of imazaquin. However, there was no significant difference in the whole plant dry weight of soybean at 3 to 7 WAP in 1989 and at 3, 5 and 9WAP in 1991. In each trial, pre‐and post‐emergence applications of soybean significantly increased the grain yield of soybean compared with the control treatment. This study showed that, inhibition of soybean shoot growth and leaf chlorophyll concentration was transient and that soybean plants require about 6 weeks for complete recovery from imazaquin phytotoxicity.