国际河流管理合作模式的分类及演进规律探讨

论文对国际河流管理合作模式的概念、分类及演进规律进行了探讨。在从合作主体、目标、途径、制度等方面对合作模式进行单维度分类的基础上,借鉴霍尔三维结构图系统分析方法,构建了合作模式三维度分类模型,较全面、准确地概括了当前国际河流管理合作实践的模式类型。最后,综合世界各种典型国际河流管理合作模式的形成和发展过程,从模式要素的发展演变及模式演进的动力机制两个方面入手,详细阐述了国际河流管理合作模式的演进规律。     

The ecological footprint from a systems perspective of sustainability

Summary

The Ecological Footprint (EF) is a method for estimating the biologically productive area necessary to support current consumption patterns, given prevailing technical and economic processes. By comparing human impact with the planet's limited bioproductive area. this method tests a basic ecological condition for sustainability. The ecological footprint has gained popularity for its pedagogical strength as it expresses the results of its analysis in spatial units that can easily be communicated. Many EF estimates have been performed on a global, national and sulrnationallevel. In this paper. we review the method and critically assess it from a sustainability perspective based on first order principles. We examine: ? Which aspects of sustainability are already covered by existing EF assessments;

? Which further aspects ofsustainability could be made accountable through the EF (such as areas needed to assimilate waste streams that are not yet accounted for in present assessments); and

? Those aspects ofsustainability that cannot be accountable through the EF. Thereby needing complimentary auditing tools.

Since the EF is a measure of renewable biocapacity, we argue that some dimensions of ecological sustainability should not be included in the EF. These include human activities that should be phased out to obtain sustainability, such as emissions of persistent compounds foreign to nature and qualitative aspects that represent secondary uses of ecological areas and do not, therefore, occupy a clearly identifiable additional ecological space. We also conclude that the EF is useful for documenting the overall human use or abuse of the potentially renewable functions and services of nature. Particularly, by aggregating in a consistentway a varity of human impacts, it can effectively identify the scale of the human economy by companson with the size of the biosphere.     

旅游景观规划设计的原则及其应用--以安丘青云山民俗游乐园为例

以旅游学基本理论和景观生态学原理为依据,分析了在旅游景观规划设计中应遵循的整体性原则、多样性原则、独特性原则、参与性原则和可持续性原则,并以安丘青云山民俗游乐园为例,从游乐园的景观功能分区、景观整体布局、景观生态设计、景观特色与创新、景观体验与项目参与等方面具体说明这些原则在旅游景观规划设计中的应用.     

UNDERSTANDING A WATERSHED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT1

In watershed management the effects of plants on water cannot be considered a constant and forgotten because: plants of different sizes and forms use water at different rates and plants of the same size differ in their needs for water because of anatomical differences. Many common denominators are present in all watersheds covered by vegetation. Forces exerted on the soil water by vegetation, climate and soil are the same kinds of forces. The differences between watersheds in water yield potential appear to be due to differences in the degree in which these forces are exerted. However, the influence of biotic factors are more individual. The similarities and differences existing between watersheds suggest some principles that can be used as guides to understanding individual watershed problems and as possible guides to determining when, how, and where to treat a given watershed. Eleven principles are given and their application to the definition and solution of biological or vegetational problems of watershed management are discussed.     

论我国环境教育体系构建的思路、原则与对策

随着可持续发展日益成为人类社会发展的大势所趋，实施以环境保护与可持续发展为主要内容的全民终身环境教育已日趋必要与紧迫。本文运用环境保护理论及教育学的基本原理，从世界与我国环境教育的形成与历史演变着手，论述了我国环境教育体系构建的目标、思路、原则及其主要内容，最后提出了建议与对策。     

In search of greener towns

Around 1970 a quiet revolution occurred in several European countries involving the use of naturalistic design approaches and ecological principles in the design and management of urban green spaces. The objective was to bring the qualities of nature into peoples’ daily lives and provide a richer external living environment. Parallel programmes of community participation and environmental education were involved. Successful projects in Holland, Sweden and Britain are described. These indicate that despoiled urban and urban‐fringe land can be quickly and economically transformed into green environments which are attractive for living and commercial investment. A reorganisation of Local Authority landscape resources is recommended.     

水污染物总量分配原则及方法研究进展

总结了国内外水污染物总量分配的各种方法,简述了我国总量分配过程中出现的问题,对我国总量分配发展方向进行了探讨。     

特种设备风险管理体系构建及关键问题探究

为加强特种设备风险管理,在遵循科学性、可操作性、全面性和可发展性4个原则的基础上,应用安全系统工程、风险工程学的基本原理,提出并构建包含风险监管体系、监测预警体系、应急管理体系和事后处置体系在内的特种设备风险管理体系。从组织机构、运行机制、法律规章、关键技术4个方面对特种设备风险管理所面临的关键问题进行探究。结果表明:所构建的特种设备风险管理体系,符合事物发生的内部规律和风险管理的基本要求,具有层次分明、目的明确等特点,为特种设备风险管理的开展提供有益的参考。     

水污染物排放总量控制管理的经济原则

本文通过对外部性概念的分析和最优/次最优污染物排放量——环境质量管理模型的建立,阐述总量控制管理系统的两个经济原则及公平、效率两管理目标的含义与关系。并着重指出:遵循公平性目标是总量控制管理系统外部制约条件——国民经济管理系统合理运行的需要。