浮顶储罐导电片间隙放电危险性研究

储罐在实际运行中,受浮盘的上下移动、机械应力、老化、油污、金属腐蚀等因素的影响,很难确保导电片与罐壁紧密贴合,容易形成微小间隙,在这种情况下遭受雷击易产生间隙放电,出现打火现象.为了分析导电片与储罐罐壁导电片产生间隙放电的危险性,根据Townsend气体放电理论计算了导电片和储罐罐壁间的击穿电压,采用1.2/50μs冲击电压波开展了导电片间隙放电实验,分析了导电片击穿电压与空气间隙距离的关系.结果证明:当导电片和罐壁贴合不良时,导电片和罐壁之间极易产生火花放电;当空气间隙d=0.1cm时,平均空气击穿电压仅为5280V;随着间隙的增大,空气击穿电压也随之增大;导电片间隙放电实验数据与Townsend气体放电理论值吻合.最后,根据以上结论,针对浮顶储罐导电片间隙放电的危险性,提出了改进措施.     

Prevention of an atmospheric storage tank bund failure

Secondary containment (bunds, drip trays, interceptors/sumps) is an integral part of many chemical, petrochemical, as well as agricultural, food and pharmaceutical facilities. Bunds are the built-in cases for accidental liquid substance spillage where there is a hazard that a substance could leak into the surroundings and the potential of health or environmental damage. The authors focus on the cases installed in large-volume atmospheric tanks storing hazardous chemicals in liquid form, where the bund failure occurred. In the first part of the study, a database of these accidents was created, numbering a total of 15 items. Attention was paid to the course of the accident, its causes and consequences. Several basic representative scenarios of bund failure have also been developed. The second part of the study is devoted mainly to the measures against the bund failure, such as risk assessment, technical and organizational measures. The aim of this study is to provide readers (including experts in the field of safety engineering, maintenance experts and building designers) with the information that can subsequently be used in the risk assessment of bund failure, possibly also for planning the construction of new bunds, or revitalization and maintenance of the existing ones.     

Study on the dynamic response of polyurea coated steel tank subjected to blast loadings

Steel tanks are widely used in the storage of various chemical liquids, and the blast resistance of the tanks is very important because of the explosiveness of these liquids. To explore a feasible method to improve the blast resistance of steel tanks, the effect of polyurea coating on the blast resistance of steel storage tank is investigated in this paper. The responses of monolithic steel tanks and polyurea coated tanks under blast loads are studied by field blast experiments using TNT explosive, and the results shows that the polyurea layers are effective in reducing the maximum and residual displacements of the tank. Numerical simulations are performed and validated, and the deformation process and stress and strain distribution of the tanks are analyzed accordingly. The increase on the bending moment of the plastic hinge lines of the tanks and the increase of the area density of the cylindrical shell induced by the polyurea layers are believed to be the two main factors contributing to the displacement reduction effect of polyurea in this paper. The validated numerical model is used to study the influence of polyurea layer's thickness on the deflection of the tank, and a nearly inversely proportional relationship between the thickness and the maximum displacement is found. Three deformation modes of the tanks are identified when subjected to blast load with varying intensity and it is found that the displacement reduction effect of polyurea varies in different deformation modes.     

Comprehensive Environmental Investigation at Former Industrial/Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Sites in Long Beach,CA: A Forensic Perspective

Two industrial sites were investigated based on years of available hydrogeologic information and monitoring data for soil and groundwater. Collected data were forensically evaluated using age-dating and fingerprinting methods. The previous business uses of the project sites were as a gas station, laundry/dry-cleaning service, and car wash with petroleum underground storage tanks (USTs). As a result, these sites were exposed to a number of toxic contaminants at relatively high concentrations. Source control was necessary for successful remediation and the ultimate removal of the remaining compounds from these industrial sites. Although contaminated soil around the source was excavated during the remedial action and the high concentrations of contaminants were reduced, typical groundwater contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons as gasoline (TPH-G), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and oxygenates including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) were persistently found at the studied sites around the source points. The plume and concentration of contaminants had changed their shapes and strength for all monitoring periods. Thus, additional source control seems to be a requirement for the complete removal of source contamination, which must be ascertained with groundwater and soil monitoring on a regular time base. For the study sites, monitored natural attenuation was relatively feasible for the long-term plan; however, it did not offer a perfect remediation solution for an ultimate goal because of residual toxic compounds that might have affected the surrounding residential areas at higher concentrations than their health limits. Therefore, as a remediation strategy, the combination of clean-up technology and natural attenuation with monitoring activities are more highly recommended than either clean-up or natural attenuation used separately.     

摩托车油箱冲压成形数值模拟分析

应用PAM STAMP软件对摩托车油箱的拉延成形过程进行了详尽的有限元模拟分析 ,通过对模拟分析和实际冲压结果的比较 ,验证了摩托车油箱拉延成形模拟分析建模的合理性和模拟结果的准确性。并简要分析了模拟结果和实际冲压结果产生差异的原因。结果表明 ,采用PAM STAMP数值模拟软件可准确分析摩托车油箱的冲压成形过程。     

Lipp制罐技术在污水处理工程应用中的建筑设计与施工

采用利浦 (Lipp)制罐技术应用于工业污水处理和城市污水处理工程当中在我国已逐步得到推广 ,并越来越显示出其优越性。阐述了与Lipp罐体相关的建筑设计与施工以及利浦技术在工程实践中应注意的问题。     

城市污水处理厂二沉池出水曝气混合絮凝的研究

在污水处理厂实验室，对二沉池出口污水进行了曝气和机械2种方式的混合絮凝对比试验。研究结果表明，对于同一水质，在相同的投药量下，曝气混凝沉淀后的水质明显优于机械混凝沉淀后的水质，各项水质指标的去除率分别提高：BOD₅ 6%～9%，COD 4%～6%，NH₃-N 6%～9%，TP 15%～24%，SS 8%～18%。     

合流制排水系统溢流污染就地调蓄处理控制技术研究

在对高效混合絮凝斜板沉淀工艺进行现场中试的基础上,将化学强化处理工艺与调蓄池相结合,针对上海市某合流制排水系统,进行调蓄/沉淀池的概念设计,提出主要设计参数,利用计算流体力学(CFD)模型对调蓄/沉淀池进行优化设计.试验和模拟结果表明,调蓄/沉淀池与单纯的调蓄池相比具有更好的溢流污染控制效果和效益/造价比.     

Baseline study of methane emission from open digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment

Anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂ and CH₄ has been recognized as one of the main causes of global warming. Several measures under the Kyoto Protocol 1997 have been drawn up to reduce the greenhouse gases emission. One of the measures is Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) that was created to enable developed countries to cooperate with developing countries in emission reduction activities. In Malaysia, palm oil industry particularly from palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic treatment has been identified as an important source of CH₄. However, there is no study to quantify the actual CH₄ emission from the commercial scale wastewater treatment facility. Hence, this paper shall address the CH₄ emission from the open digesting tanks in Felda Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill. CH₄ emission pattern was recorded for 52 weeks from 3600 m³ open digesting tanks. The findings indicated that the CH₄ content was between 13.5% and 49.0% which was lower than the value of 65% reported earlier. The biogas flow rate ranged between 0.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻² and 9.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻². Total CH₄ emission per open digesting tank was 518.9 kg day⁻¹. Relationships between CH₄ emission and total carbon removal and POME discharged were also discussed. Fluctuation of biogas production was observed throughout the studies as a result of seasonal oil palm cropping, mill activities, variation of POME quality and quantity discharged from the mill. Thus only through long-term field measurement CH₄ emission can be accurately estimated.     

长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥活性的恢复

为探究长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥的脱氮性能,采用CSTR反应器,接种4℃下储存了10个月的亚硝化絮状污泥,考察其活性恢复性能,并采用Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析了污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,控制DO为0.4~0.8mg·L~(-1)、pH值8左右、温度为(30±1)℃等条件,长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥的活性可以在15 d内迅速恢复,氨氮去除率和亚硝积累率均达到90%以上;此外,污泥颜色由接种初期的灰黑色迅速恢复至棕黄色,SVI值显著降低,MLVSS/MLSS升高,EPS含量明显增加.随着亚硝化性能的恢复,厌氧、发酵微生物被洗脱,Nitrosomonas等氨氧化细菌相对丰度显著增加,同时,Nitrospria等硝化菌的生长得到了有效抑制.经历长期储存的亚硝化絮状污泥可作为实现短程硝化快速启动的接种污泥,更有利于短程硝化工艺的实际应用.