两种不同构型b射线颗粒物分析仪线性关系的有效性评价

为评价导流锥式同时采样-测量β射线颗粒物分析仪的测量准确度,以分步采样-测量β射线颗粒物分析仪采样分析作为参比方法,使用2类构型的仪器对环境空气中可吸入颗粒物PM₁₀和细颗粒物PM_2.5进行长期平行比对监测.本文依据EN 16450标准对比对数据线性关系进行有效性评价,建立了修正的线性方程,导出了方法间不确定度评价式,结果表明导流锥式同时采样-测量结构和分步采样-测量结构的β射线颗粒物分析仪之间存在有效的线性关系.通过仪器内置修正参数浓度斜率、浓度截距修正后,在较宽浓度跨度范围（0~250μg/m³）内和足够多的比对数据（n>100）条件下,两种不同结构的仪器监测PM₁₀和PM_2.5的比对斜率、截距和相关系数（参比方法作为X轴）均能满足EPA CFR 40part53的要求.     

A comparison of SEM-EDS with ICP-AES for the quantitative elemental determination of estuarine particles

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a key component regulating the biogeochemistry of natural and contaminant moieties in estuaries. Individual particle analyses can complement conventional bulk analyses of SPM, but are rarely undertaken. This study used scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) of particles to quantify a range of elements in the reference estuarine sediment PACS-2. This approach was compared with a bulk SPM analysis based on inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The median concentrations of Al, Fe, Mg, and Ca for the two approaches were similar, and accuracy for both methods was good. SEM-EDS analysis was also satisfactory for K. Agreement was poorer for Mn and Ti, which were present at trace concentrations. Increasing the number of particles examined by SEM-EDS should improve the analysis. SEM-EDS analysis of SPM from the Tamar Estuary, UK, revealed marked geochemical differences between particle sub-populations.Selected article from 6th European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry, Belgrade, 2005, organised by Prof. Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic and the European Association of Chemistry and the Environment (ACE, www.research.plymouth.ac.uk/ace)     

一种快速实现比较分析的方法

比较分析法是监测部门分析数据的常用方法,使用EXCEL的数据库和列表函数可方便快捷地获得复杂条件下同比、环比或其它比较分析的结果。掌握EXCEL的单元格引用,可极大减轻大量重复类型公式的输入,迅速地完成数据比较分析。以城市环境空气监测数据的比较分析为例,展示了一种快速实现比较分析的方法与步骤。     

黑河流域参考蒸散量的时空变化特征及影响因素的定量分析

利用黑河流域及周边地区14个气象站的1960—2009年逐日气象资料,基于FAO推荐的 Penman-Monteith模型分析了黑河流域近50 a来潜在年、 季参考蒸散量ET₀的时空分布特征,同时利用敏感分析计算了流域内不同区域典型气象站ET₀对各气候要素的敏感系数,并结合各气候要素的多年相对变化定量探讨了导致ET₀变化的主导因素。结果表明:黑河流域年ET₀表现出明显的南北差异,亦即从南到北呈增大趋势,上游祁连山区年ET₀约568~700 mm,中游走廊平原约800~900 mm,下游的金塔、 鼎新一带约1 000 mm,额济纳地区则高达1 150 mm以上。各季节ET₀亦呈北多南少特征,且ET₀的年内分布以夏季最多,春季次之,秋冬最少。近50 a来,黑河流域年、 季平均ET₀整体呈减小趋势,但亦存在区域差异,其中上游ET₀略有增加,而中下游以减小趋势为主。就年平均敏感系数而言,上游的托勒站和中游的高台站皆对相对湿度敏感性最强,而下游的额济纳旗对平均风速最为敏感。不同站点各季节/月ET₀对气候要素的敏感性有所差异。风速是引起ET₀变化的主导因素,相对湿度和日照时数的贡献则较小。     

固定污染源烟气排放连续监测系统验收测试实例及存在问题

通过辖区内固定污染源烟气排放连续监测系统参比方法验收监测实例,归纳总结出CEMS参比方法验收监测程序,查找在资料调研、现场勘查、编制监测方案、现场监测、报告编制过程中存在的问题,并提出相应的对策措施及注意事项。     

极性有机化合物整合采样技术在水环境有机污染物监测中的应用

极性有机化合物整合采样技术(Polar organic chemical integrative samplers,POCIS)适用于极性有机污染物的采集,随着新型极性有机污染物的不断出现,该技术已经引起了科学家的广泛关注.本文概述了几种常用的被动采样装置,重点介绍了POCIS采样器的一般结构、富集原理、环境因素如流速、温度、pH、溶解性有机质、盐度及膜的污染等对采样速率的影响,讨论了针对极性物质检测的质量控制和保证以及性能参考物质,综述了POCIS在水环境有机污染物监测中的应用.最后,本文对POCIS的应用前景进行了展望.     

我国区域规划的编制与实施的若干问题

区域规划是协调人口、经济、资源、环境之间的关系以及地区关系的区域开发与国土整治方案，是市场经济下政府进行宏观调控的重大举措，目前我国的区域规划编制和实施还存在一定问题，主要是各层次规划衔接不力，从而了区域规划的实施和应用。借鉴国外的规划体系、内容和实施途径，针对我国区域规划的实施问题，提出如下建议：（１）建立完善的区域规划体系、协调区域规划与经济计划的相互关系，以及与土地利用规划和城市规划的关系。     

Global Daily Reference Evapotranspiration Modeling and Evaluation1

Abstract: Accurate and reliable evapotranspiration (ET) datasets are crucial in regional water and energy balance studies. Due to the complex instrumentation requirements, actual ET values are generally estimated from reference ET values by adjustment factors using coefficients for water stress and vegetation conditions, commonly referred to as crop coefficients. Until recently, the modeling of reference ET has been solely based on important weather variables collected from weather stations that are generally located in selected agro‐climatic locations. Since 2001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) has been producing six‐hourly climate parameter datasets that are used to calculate daily reference ET for the whole globe at 1‐degree spatial resolution. The U.S. Geological Survey Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science has been producing daily reference ET (ETo) since 2001, and it has been used on a variety of operational hydrological models for drought and streamflow monitoring all over the world. With the increasing availability of local station‐based reference ET estimates, we evaluated the GDAS‐based reference ET estimates using data from the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS). Daily CIMIS reference ET estimates from 85 stations were compared with GDAS‐based reference ET at different spatial and temporal scales using five‐year daily data from 2002 through 2006. Despite the large difference in spatial scale (point vs. ～100 km grid cell) between the two datasets, the correlations between station‐based ET and GDAS‐ET were very high, exceeding 0.97 on a daily basis to more than 0.99 on time scales of more than 10 days. Both the temporal and spatial correspondences in trend/pattern and magnitudes between the two datasets were satisfactory, suggesting the reliability of using GDAS parameter‐based reference ET for regional water and energy balance studies in many parts of the world. While the study revealed the potential of GDAS ETo for large‐scale hydrological applications, site‐specific use of GDAS ETo in complex hydro‐climatic regions such as coastal areas and rugged terrain may require the application of bias correction and/or disaggregation of the GDAS ETo using downscaling techniques.     

Dissolution of beryllium in artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid

Dissolution of a lung burden of poorly soluble beryllium particles is hypothesized to be necessary for development of chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) in humans. As such, particle dissolution rate must be sufficient to activate the lung immune response and dissolution lifetime sufficient to maintain chronic inflammation for months to years to support development of disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that poorly soluble beryllium compounds release ions via dissolution in lung fluid. Dissolution kinetics of 17 poorly soluble particulate beryllium materials that span extraction through ceramics machining (ores, hydroxide, metal, copper-beryllium [CuBe] fume, oxides) and three CuBe alloy reference materials (chips, solid block) were measured over 31 d using artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (pH 4.5). Differences in beryllium-containing particle physicochemical properties translated into differences in dissolution rates and lifetimes in artificial phagolysosomal fluid. Among all materials, dissolution rate constant values ranged from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹⁰ g cm⁻² d⁻¹ and half-times ranged from tens to thousands of days. The presence of magnesium trisilicate in some beryllium oxide materials may have slowed dissolution rates. Materials associated with elevated prevalence of CBD had faster beryllium dissolution rates [10⁻⁷-10⁻⁸ g cm⁻² d⁻¹] than materials not associated with elevated prevalence (p < 0.05).     

The potential effect of differential ambient and deployment chamber temperatures on PRC derived sampling rates with polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air samplers

Performance reference compound (PRC) derived sampling rates were determined for polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air samplers in both sub-tropical and temperate locations across Australia. These estimates were on average a factor of 2.7 times higher in summer than winter. The known effects of wind speed and temperature on mass transfer coefficients could not account for this observation. Sampling rates are often derived using ambient temperatures, not the actual temperatures within deployment chambers. If deployment chamber temperatures are in fact higher than ambient temperatures, estimated sampler-air partition coefficients would be greater than actual partition coefficients resulting in an overestimation of PRC derived sampling rates. Sampling rates determined under measured ambient temperatures and estimated deployment chamber temperatures in summer ranged from 7.1 to 10 m³ day⁻¹ and 2.2-6.8 m³ day⁻¹ respectively. These results suggest that potential differences between ambient and deployment chamber temperatures should be considered when deriving PRC-based sampling rates.