中国污水治理的一个新思考

本文通过对中国地形及气候特征的讨论 ,提出沙漠治水 ,水治沙漠的观点 ,为中国及其他国家的污水治理 ,提供一种新的思路和建议     

射流曝气的气液两相流的数值模拟

射流曝气在活性污泥处理方法中起着重要的作用。采用数值模拟的方法研究自吸式单级单喷射流器中的气液两相流动状况，通过对不同长径比和喷嘴面积比的射流曝气器模型的气液两相流的计算，定量分析长径比和喷嘴面积比对射流曝气器流场和空气与工作介质流量比的影响，为进一步设计开发新型高效的射流曝气器提供参考。     

Study of oil-water partitioning of a chemical dispersant using an acute bioassay with marine crustaceans

The toxicity of seawater dispersions of a chemical dispersant to two marine crustaceans was investigated in the presence and absence of various quantities of a non-toxic mineral oil. From the results and a physical-chemical partitioning analysis, a limiting value of the oil-water partition coefficient of the toxic compounds is deduced suggesting that essentially all of the toxic compounds in the dispersant will partition into solution in water following dispersant application to an oil spill. This conclusion simplifies interpretation and prediction of the toxic effects of a dispersed oil spill.The combined bioassay-partitioning procedure may have applications to the study of the toxicity of other complex mixtures such as industrial effluents.     

气-水联合反冲洗膜污染防治技术研究

采用气水联合反冲洗技术,考察了气水比(Qg/Ql)、反冲洗周期及其对膜污染的防治效果。结果表明,气水联合反冲洗较单独气或水反冲洗效果好;在过滤周期20min,反冲洗时间1min,气水比1.5时,气水联合反冲洗能够恢复膜通量到膜清水通量的80%以上。此法可大幅度清除沉积在膜表面的泥饼层,恢复膜通量,维持膜过滤性能的稳定,是一种较为有效的膜污染防治技术。     

负载型金催化剂用于室温下CO的消除

从催化活性、抗潮湿、抗硫中毒、稳定性等方面考察了负载型金催化剂对于ＣＯ氧化反应的性能。筛选出的２－３催化剂可在－２２℃下完全消除ＣＯ，并且在催化活性、抗潮湿、抗硫中毒、稳定性等方面具有现行催化剂无法比拟的优点。     

水污染治理工程的环境绩效审计

环境绩效审计的作用之一就是检查投入到环境治理上的资金到底发挥了多大的效益.本研究以五里湖综合整治工程效益审计案例为基础,提出环境效益评估的程序,将条件评估法应用于水污染治理工程项目审计案例中,分析了无锡市居民为改善水环境质量和对周边房产的支付意愿,并计算出五里湖水环境改善的效益和周边房产的增值效益.结果表明,综合整治工程实施后会带来可观的经济效益.最后,对条件评估法在政府环境绩效审计中应用存在的问题进行了讨论,以期为政府环境审计提供技术支持.     

退耕植茶对川西低山丘陵区土壤活性有机碳组分的影响

为探讨退耕植茶对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响,选取退耕2~3年(RT 2~3)、9~10年(RT 9~10)和16~17年(RT 16~17)的茶园为研究对象,以邻近撂荒地为对照(CK),测定其土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、可矿化有机碳(MOC)含量,并分析其分配比例随退耕植茶年限推移的变化.结果表明,POC、MBC和WSOC对退耕植茶的响应较为一致,与对照相比,退耕植茶初期(RT 2~3),各组分含量均降低,但随着植茶时间的推移,各组分含量逐渐增加,在植茶9~10或16~17年后显著高于撂荒地;退耕植茶后MOC含量显著降低,总体表现为CKRT 16~17RT 9~10RT 2~3,0~10 cm土层,RT 2~3、RT 9~10和RT 16~17土壤MOC含量分别较对照显著下降35.25%、23.89%和16.87%,10~20 cm土层中分别下降32.31%、13.09%和23.22%,20~40 cm土层中分别下降36.43%、28.79%和30.76%.植茶后,土壤活性有机碳在总有机碳中的比例整体现为0~10 cm高于20~40 cm,相较于表层土壤,深层土壤碳库的稳定性更强.退耕植茶有利于土壤肥力的保持,对提升土壤有机质水平起到积极作用,且随植茶时间的推移,土壤对碳的固持作用增强,土壤质量得到提升.     

不同停曝比对连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥运行的影响

在（25~28℃）下,接种成熟亚硝化颗粒污泥于连续流反应器,为避免通过蠕动泵的污泥回流所造成的颗粒污泥破碎,采用内置沉淀区进行内回流,调整停曝比为1：1、2：1和1：2,研究不同停曝比对连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥系统稳定性的影响.结果表明,控制停曝比为1：1和2：1,亚硝化性能良好,阶段末期亚硝酸盐积累率分别为85.2%和94.5%,控制停曝比为1：2,亚硝化性能逐渐恶化,阶段末期氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐积累率下降至64.1%和58.7%.批次试验表明,间歇曝气相对连续曝气可在一定程度上较好地抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的相对活性,停曝时间越长,对NOB的活性抑制越好,但由于停曝时间过长也将导致氨氧化率降低,故在亚硝化工艺中,可采用1：1停曝比并协同其他控制条件的方式来实现连续流亚硝化工艺的长期稳定运行.污泥性能分析表明,在停曝比为1：1~1：2范围内,停曝时间越长,颗粒污泥结构越稳定,停曝时间越短,反应器内选择压较小,致使污泥沉降性能变差,部分亚硝化颗粒污泥解体,此外,胞外聚合物（EPS）化学分析及三维荧光光谱分析显示,停曝比为2：1条件下,蛋白（PN）含量较高且蛋白/多糖（PN/PS）值也较高.     

Assessment of patients' medical fitness to drive by primary care physicians: A cross-sectional study

Objectives: Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a significant health burden in Saudi Arabia. The literature has consistently indicated that chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, obstructive sleep apnea, and neurodevelopmental disorders, increase the risk of MVCs. Therefore, assessment of driver fitness by primary care physicians (PCPs) remains a major health intervention that might reduce MVCs. We studied the practices of PCPs in assessing medical fitness to drive in at-risk patients.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of all 88 government-funded primary care centers in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We administered a self-reported questionnaire to PCPs that inquired about their driving risk assessment for specific medical conditions.

Results: Among all PCPs and centers, 189 PCPs (63%) from 74 centers (84%) participated in our survey. The mean age of the PCPs was 40 ± 10 years, and 108 (57%) were men. The average clinical experience of the group was 13 ± 9 years. Fewer than half of PCPs considered diabetes mellitus (45%) and obstructive sleep apnea (46%) as potential risks for MVCs. Approximately 45% of PCPs did not notify any authority or relatives of potential driving issues that they noticed in their patients. Only 15% of the participants believed that PCPs were responsible for alerting authorities about their fitness to drive.

Conclusions: PCPs did not adequately assess their patients' driving history and eligibility. Efforts are needed to improve awareness among PCPs regarding the effects of chronic medical conditions on driving.     

北京市环境质量改善的居民支付意愿研究

以北京市空气质量与地表水环境质量改善的经济评价为例,采用开放式问卷的意愿调查价值评估法(CVM),通过2004年与2007年2次调查,研究了居民对环境质量改善最大支付意愿(WTP)的影响因素及变化趋势.结果表明,居民对北京空气质量和地表水环境质量改善的平均最大WTP分别从2004年的83.52~93.48,71.28~84.84元/年,提高至2007年的366.48~399.48,302.52~366.72元/年;最大WTP占家庭收入的比例分别从2004年的0.28%,0.24%,提高至2007年的1.63%~1.78%,1.35%~1.64%,居民对于工资扣除形式的支付方式的接受程度逐渐提高;收入、年龄、受教育程度以及环境介质接触程度等因素对居民环境质量改善最大WTP的影响显著.