垃圾填埋场有机污染物的生物降解机理

概述了垃圾填埋场中微生物的作用特性，微生物对有机污染物的降解及其影响因素，介绍了有机污染物降解的两种生化动力学模型：“速度指数模型”和“双曲线速度模型”，以及垃圾降解的动力学方程。     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的参数优化及反应动力学模型

采用Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液,研究反应时间、初始浓度、pH、Fenton试剂用量对垃圾渗滤液TOC去除率的影响。研究结果表明,最优反应条件是反应时间30 min,初始pH为3.0,初始[H2O2]0=7 310 mg/L,最佳[H2O2]/[Fe2+]摩尔比为5,反应温度为室温,此时渗滤液的TOC去除率达到70.3%。渗滤液矿化过程符合一级反应动力学,并建立了符合该渗滤液的反应动力学模型。     

Using multivariate regression modeling for sampling and predicting chemical characteristics of mixed waste in old landfills

Municipal solid waste landfills pose a threat on environment and human health, especially old landfills which lack facilities for collection and treatment of landfill gas and leachate. Consequently, missing information about emission flows prevent site-specific environmental risk assessments. To overcome this gap, the combination of waste sampling and analysis with statistical modeling is one option for estimating present and future emission potentials. Optimizing the tradeoff between investigation costs and reliable results requires knowledge about both: the number of samples to be taken and variables to be analyzed.This article aims to identify the optimized number of waste samples and variables in order to predict a larger set of variables. Therefore, we introduce a multivariate linear regression model and tested the applicability by usage of two case studies. Landfill A was used to set up and calibrate the model based on 50 waste samples and twelve variables. The calibrated model was applied to Landfill B including 36 waste samples and twelve variables with four predictor variables.The case study results are twofold: first, the reliable and accurate prediction of the twelve variables can be achieved with the knowledge of four predictor variables (Loi, EC, pH and Cl). For the second Landfill B, only ten full measurements would be needed for a reliable prediction of most response variables. The four predictor variables would exhibit comparably low analytical costs in comparison to the full set of measurements. This cost reduction could be used to increase the number of samples yielding an improved understanding of the spatial waste heterogeneity in landfills.Concluding, the future application of the developed model potentially improves the reliability of predicted emission potentials. The model could become a standard screening tool for old landfills if its applicability and reliability would be tested in additional case studies.     

渗滤液耦合矿化垃圾制备甲烷氧化菌菌液

利用甲烷氧化菌菌液增加材料中甲烷氧化菌的数量,可以得到高甲烷氧化率的填埋场甲烷生物氧化覆盖材料。研究发现,渗滤液原水和渗滤液处理尾水均能促进甲烷氧化菌的生长,可利用渗滤液耦合矿化垃圾混合培养制备甲烷氧化菌菌液用于填埋场甲烷减排。填埋龄长的渗滤液原水有着较好的培养效果,得到的菌液在4 d内最高甲烷氧化速率达到2.68 mL/h,超过甲烷氧化菌培养液(nitrate minimal salt medium,NMS)的实验结果。渗滤液中总氮、无机碳、总有机碳和Ni元素的含量对甲烷氧化菌的培养过程影响较大,适用于甲烷氧化培养的渗滤液应满足:总氮1 400 mg/L,总有机碳55 mg/L,Ni元素0.4 mg/L,总磷含量较高。     

有机改性成都粘土预处理垃圾渗滤液

以成都粘土为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为改性剂制备有机改性土,并将其应用于垃圾渗滤液的预处理。采用单因素静态吸附实验,以粘土对垃圾渗滤液COD和氨氮的去除率作为考查指标,初步探究有机改性土预处理垃圾渗滤液的适宜条件;并对有机改性粘土及原土进行性能表征,初步分析其吸附机理。研究结果表明,有机土的处理效果明显优于原土,处理效果上比原土提高了1.6~2.3倍;有机土预处理垃圾渗滤液适宜条件为:投加量120 g/L、搅拌速度200 r/min、搅拌时间50 min、pH=7、静置时间为6 h。     

Case study of landfill leachate recirculation using small-diameter vertical wells

A case study of landfill liquids addition using small diameter (5 cm) vertical wells is reported. More than 25,000 m³ of leachate was added via 134 vertical wells installed 3 m, 12 m, and 18 m deep over five years in a landfill in Florida, US. Liquids addition performance (flow rate per unit screen length per unit liquid head) ranged from 5.6 × 10^?8 to 3.6 × 10^?6 m³ s^?1 per m screen length per m liquid head. The estimated radial hydraulic conductivity ranged from 3.5 × 10^?6 to 4.2 × 10^?4 m s^?1. The extent of lateral moisture movement ranged from 8 to 10 m based on the responses of moisture sensors installed around vertical well clusters, and surface seeps were found to limit the achievable liquids addition rates, despite the use of concrete collars under a pressurized liquids addition scenario. The average moisture content before (51 samples) and after (272 samples) the recirculation experiments were 23% (wet weight basis) and 45% (wet weight basis), respectively, and biochemical methane potential measurements of excavated waste indicated significant (p < 0.025) decomposition.     

Landfill reduction experience in The Netherlands

Modern waste legislation aims at resource efficiency and landfill reduction. This paper analyses more than 20 years of landfill reduction in the Netherlands. The combination of landfill regulations, landfill tax and landfill bans resulted in the desired landfill reduction, but also had negative effects. A fierce competition developed over the remaining waste to be landfilled. In 2013 the Dutch landfill industry generated €40 million of annual revenue, had €58 million annual costs and therefore incurred an annual loss of €18 million. It is not an attractive option to prematurely end business. There is a risk that Dutch landfill operators will not be able to fulfil the financial obligations for closure and aftercare. Contrary to the polluter pays principle the burden may end up with society. EU regulations prohibiting export of waste for disposal are in place. Strong differentials in landfill tax rate between nations have nevertheless resulted in transboundary shipment of waste and in non-compliance with the self-sufficiency and proximity principles. During the transformation from a disposal society to a recycling society, it is important to carefully plan required capacity and to guide the reorganisation of the landfill sector. At some point, it is no longer profitable to provide landfill services. It may be necessary for public organisations or the state to take responsibility for the continued operation of a ‘safety net’ in waste management. Regulations have created a financial incentive to pass on the burden of monitoring and controlling the impact of waste to future generations. To prevent this, it is necessary to revise regulations on aftercare and create incentives to actively stabilise landfills.     

砒霜生产化工厂危险废物处置工程设计

通过对砒霜生产化工厂原场址废渣及污染场地调查的基础上，进行了处置方案比选及技术经济比较，确定了就地安全填埋的处置方案。根据区域性危险废物集中安全填埋场的设计经验，本工程采用先进的HDPE双层防渗的安全填埋方式，并设置了雨水分流系统、渗滤液收集系统、封场处理和填埋气体导排系统，整个场区布置合理，对周围环境的影响小，投资少，取得了良好的社会效益和环境效益，并对危险废物处理处置工程设计中应注意的问题提出了建议。     

太阳光Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物

研究利用太阳光Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液。根据太阳光辐射强度随时间的变化规律，选择重庆7、8月份的晴天，在中午12：00到下午14：00时进行试验，研究太阳光辐射时间、pH值、Fenton试剂用量对垃圾渗滤液COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明：太阳光Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液的COD有较好的去除效果，COD去除率达86.2%。太阳光Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的优化条件是：日光辐射时间为120 min，pH值为2.5，Fe²⁺浓度为5 mmol/L，H₂O₂浓度为570 mmol/L。同时，论文还对太阳光Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的动力学进行分析。研究结果显示：太阳光Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液，其表观动力学方程为-dC/dt=2.6×10^-8×P^1.92×F^1.79×E^1.67。     

垃圾填埋场微生物气溶胶粒径分布研究

为了了解垃圾填埋场微生物气溶胶粒径分布规律,在北京市某垃圾卫生填埋场填埋区、渗滤液处理区、生活区分别选定监测点,利用安德森六级微生物采样器,对填埋场空气微生物进行了系统的定点取样、测定和分析。研究结果表明，空气细菌粒径分布均为第Ⅰ级(>8.2 μm)最高,填埋区空气细菌粒径呈偏态分布,渗滤液处理区、生活区分别在第Ⅳ级和第Ⅲ级出现第2个峰值。携带细菌的可吸入微粒在渗滤液处理区比例最大。空气真菌与放线菌均在第Ⅳ级分布最高,携带真菌和放线菌的可吸入粒子的比例显著大于细菌(P<0.05)。填埋区不同作业时段空气微生物粒径在各级分布比例基本一致。填埋区细菌气溶胶中值直径为5.7 μm,渗滤液处理区为3.7 μm,生活区为5.3 μm，显著大于真菌气溶胶和放线菌气溶胶的中值直径(P<0.05)。