中国第四纪黄土古环境研究若干进展

随着技术进步和多方位研究进展,第四纪古环境研究向着多元古环境替代指标、高分辨率古气候研究、气候变化的多种驱动因素等方面发展。文章总结了中国黄土古环境研究中的主要替代性指标,包括黄土磁化率、黄土粒度、植物硅酸体、孢粉组合、蜗牛化石、碳氧同位素和^10Be、黄土与古土壤。概述了当前对黄土—古土壤的时间标尺、末次冰期的短尺度气候事件以及东亚古季风变化机制的认识。     

Cu2+对以NO2-为电子受体反硝化过程的影响

短程生物脱氮工艺在废水处理中已经得到较为广泛的应用,其反硝化过程是实现氮去除的关键步骤,而关于废水中常见重金属离子Cu~(2+)对以NO2-为电子受体反硝化过程的影响尚无系统研究.选取A/O反应器内具有良好短程生物脱氮特性的污泥,通过批次试验及SBR长期试验分别探究了Cu~(2+)对以NO2-为电子受体反硝化过程的短期及长期影响.短期试验结果表明,Cu~(2+)对以NO2-为电子受体反硝化过程具有明显抑制作用,对污泥反硝化活性的半抑制浓度EC50为4. 79 mg·L-1.在长期影响试验中逐渐提高污泥对Cu~(2+)的耐受浓度,当Cu~(2+)浓度为0. 5 mg·L-1和1 mg·L-1时,污泥反硝化活性降低后均能够通过驯化恢复至原有水平;而Cu~(2+)浓度升高至3 mg·L-1后污泥反硝化性能遭到破坏且难以恢复,NO_2~--N去除率降低至10%以下,反硝化系统遭到严重抑制.但是,停止投加Cu~(2+)后污泥反硝化活性在第14 d恢复至原有水平.同时,在Cu~(2+)的长期影响过程中,EPS含量增多,对微生物抵御Cu~(2+)的毒害起到重要保护作用,促使污泥粒径增大,污泥沉降性得到提高.     

基于多源数据融合的煤矿工作面瓦斯浓度预测*

为了解决瓦斯浓度预测使用的单一数据在预测中影响还不够深入的问题,提出基于LSTM神经网络的多源数据融合瓦斯浓度预测模型。模型将上隅角瓦斯浓度、采煤机速度、工作面吨煤瓦斯涌出量等不同数据融合作为输入层参数,使用Adam优化算法更新LSTM网络层参数,利用Attention机制突出关键影响瓦斯浓度的因素,开展多源数据融合的瓦斯浓度预测,结合某矿1008工作面的实际数据,分析不同数据在瓦斯浓度预测中的作用。研究结果表明:单变量下的Attention-aLSTM预测效果相比LSTM提升14.2%;多源数据融合下的Attention-aLSTM相比自身提升了5%。     

Returning to normalcy in the short term: a preliminary examination of recovery from Hurricane Harvey among individuals with home damage

This study focuses on coastal counties in Texas, United States, affected by Hurricane Harvey in 2017 to gauge the influence of individual and contextual characteristics on people's ability to return to normalcy in the short term. Data from a survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Episcopal Health Foundation between October and November 2017 were utilised in the analysis. The paper observes, based on the results of an ordered logistic regression, and contrary to previous work, that age, gender, levels of poverty, and social capital are not significant predictors of a return to normalcy. However, indicators such as whether a person evacuated, if he/she identified as Hispanic/Latino, the extent of damage sustained to one's home, and if one's automobile was damaged or destroyed are shown to affect recovery. A discussion of the potential reasons for these findings is provided as a means of informing future research on disaster recovery.     

Setting the stage for the review of the international estimate of short-term intake (IESTI) equation

ABSTRACT

In the framework of setting Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for pesticides, both chronic and acute health risks to consumers arising from the long-term and short-term dietary exposure to pesticide residues have to be assessed. The current internationally harmonized approach for assessing the acute dietary exposure is based on deterministic methods for calculating the IESTI (International Estimate of Short-Term Intake). Recently, it became apparent that the IESTI approach needs a revision in the light of new scientific and political aspects. The main reasons that require this review were the lack of an international harmonization of the methodology which implies trade barriers as well as difficulties in risk communication concerning the public trust in regulatory systems. The most recent milestone in the scientific debate on a possible revision of the IESTI equation was an international scientific workshop held in Geneva in September 2015. The main objectives of this meeting were the re-evaluation, and where possible, the international harmonization of the input parameters for the IESTI equations as well as the equations themselves. The main recommendations from the workshop were (i) to replace the highest residue and supervised trials median residue with the maximum residue limit (MRL), (ii) to use a standard variability factor of three, (iii) to derive the P97.5 large portion value from the distribution of consumption values of dietary surveys expressed as kg food/kg bw/d, and (iv) to remove the commodity unit weight from the equations. In addition, the application of conversion factors and processing factors was addressed. On the initiative of the (World Health Organization) WHO Collaborating Centre on Chemical Food Safety at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands, an international working group with members from the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, France (ANSES), Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Australia (APVMA), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Germany (BfR), Chemical Regulation Division, the United Kingdom (CRD), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and RIVM, the Netherlands was formed after the IESTI workshop to conduct a comprehensive impact assessment of the proposed changes of the IESTI equations.     

Discrepant karyotypes after second- and third-trimester combined placentacentesis/amniocentesis

Cytogenetic data are presented from a total of 1306 consecutive pregnancies with successful diagnosis obtained from both chorionic villi after short-time culture (CVS-SC) and amniotic fluid cell cultures (AC); samples had been taken simultaneously at combined placentacentesis (placental biopsy) and amniocentesis during the second (92·8 per cent) and third (7·2 per cent) trimesters. Concordant results were obtained in 1218 pregnancies with a normal karyotype and in 62 pregnancies with an aberrant fetal karyotype. Discrepant, i. e. false-positive and false-negative, results were found in 26 cases (2 per cent). From these data the accuracy of CVS-SC, defined as the proportion of all correct diagnoses, is calculated to be 98 per cent. Three non-mosaic and 14 mosaic false-positive results obtained after CVS-SC could not be confirmed by AC. Related to 1235 true normal fetal karyotypes, the specificity of CVS-SC, i.e. the proportion of normal karyotypes correctly diagnosed, amounts to 98·6 per cent. In nine pregnancies, an aberrant fetal karyotype detected after AC was missed by CVS-SC. The sensitivity of CVS-SC, i.e. the proportion of abnormal fetuses correctly diagnosed (62 out of 71), amounts to 87·3 per cent in our study group.     

企业偿债能力的分析

负债经营是当前企业普遍存在的现象,本文提出了偿债能力的策略。     

Grey Box and Component Models to Forecast Ozone Episodes: A Comparison Study

For the purpose of short-term forecasting of high ozone concentration episodes stochastic models have been suggested and developed in the literature. The present paper compares the quality of forecasts produced by a grey box and a component time-series model. The summer ozone patterns for three European urban areas (two continental and one mediterranean) are processed. By means of forecast performance indices according to EC and WHO guidelines, the following features of the models could be found: The grey box model is highly adaptive and produces forecasts with low error variance that increases with the time horizon of forecast. The component model is more 'stiff' that results in a higher forecast-error variance and poorer adaption in detail. The forecast horizon, however, could be enlarged with this model. The accuracy of predicting threshold exceedance is similar for both models. This can be understood from the assumption of a cyclical time development of ozone that was made for both models.     

The effect of pesticides and metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in various tissues of blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus L.) in short-term in vivo exposures at different temperatures

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of short-term exposure to selected toxicants as well as metal accumulation upon acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the blue mussel, Mytilus trossulus L., in laboratory in vivo experiments. Mussels were exposed for up to 48 hours to a mixture of copper (Cu^{2 +}, 400 μ g L^?1) and cadmium (Cd^{2 +}, 200 μ g L^?1), to dichlorvos (DDVP, 100 μ g L^?1), and to carbaryl (100 μ g L^?1) at two temperatures: 5°C and 20°C. Samples were collected after 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours of exposure, and AChE activity and metal concentration (where applicable) were analysed in gills, digestive gland, mantle+muscles, and the whole soft tissue. Very strong AChE inhibition was observed in response to the dichlorvos treatment, mainly in gills. Carbaryl and the metals caused a short-term inhibition effect. Considerable differences in AChE activity between the two temperatures were noticed. In particular, the metals were accumulated much faster at 20°C than at 5°C, especially in gills. No correlation between AChE activity and metal concentration was found. Gills turned out to be the optimal tissue for AChE activity analysis in short-term studies.     

Differential responses of short-term soil respiration dynamics to the experimental addition of nitrogen and water in the temperate semi-arid steppe of Inner Mongolia, China

We examined the effects of simulated rainfall and increasing N supply of different levels on CO2 pulse emission from typical Inner Mongolian steppe soil using the static opaque chamber technique, respectively in a dry June and a rainy August. The treatments included NH4NO3 additions at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 20 g N/（m2.year） with or without water. Immediately after the experimental simulated rainfall events, the CO2 effluxes in the watering plots without N addition （WCK） increased greatly and reached the maximum value at 2 hr. However, the efflux level reverted to the background level within 48 hr. The cumulative CO2 effluxes in the soil ranged from 5.60 to 6.49 g C/m2 over 48 hr after a single water application, thus showing an increase of approximately 148.64% and 48.36% in the efftuxes during both observation periods. By contrast, the addition of different N levels without water addition did not result in a significant change in soil respiration in the short term. Two-way ANOVA showed that the effects of the interaction between water and N addition were insignificant in short-term soil COz efftuxes in the soil. The cumulative soil CO2 fluxes of different treatments over 48 hr accounted for approximately 5.34% to 6.91% and 2.36% to 2.93% of annual C emission in both experimental periods. These results stress the need for improving the sampling frequency after rainfall in future studies to ensure more accurate evaluation of the grassland C emission contribution.