长江中上游防护林体系森林植被碳贮量及固碳潜力估算

基于“八五”期间长江中上游流域各省的森林资源调查资料，结合经典的材积源生物量法估算了长江中上游防护林体系生物量碳密度和碳贮量，并根据不同树种生物量-生产力回归关系推算了该地区当前的固碳潜力。结果表明：长江中上游地区森林平均碳密度为2575 t/hm2；碳贮量为1 39459 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g)，其中林分（包括经济林）碳贮量为1 20430 Tg，灌木林为13437 Tg，竹林为5592 Tg，三者分别占总碳贮量的8636%、963%和401%。整个防护林体系森林植被的固碳潜力为36856 Tg/a。位于本区西部的四川盆地嘉陵江流域和西部高山峡谷区，其森林碳密度、碳贮量和固碳潜力较高，而东部地区的川鄂山地长江干流、鄱阳湖水系以及洞庭湖水系相对较低，因此，长江中上游森林碳密度、碳贮量和固碳潜力总体上呈现自西向东逐渐降低的趋势。     

Petrophysical analysis to investigate the effects of carbon dioxide storage in a subsurface saline aquifer at Ketzin, Germany (CO2SINK)

To test the injection behaviour of CO₂ into brine-saturated rock and to evaluate the dependence of geophysical properties on CO₂ injection, flow and exposure experiments with brine and CO₂ were performed on sandstone samples of the Stuttgart Formation representing potential reservoir rocks for CO₂ storage. The sandstone samples studied are generally fine-grained with porosities between 17 and 32% and permeabilities between 1 and 100 mD.Additional batch experiments were performed to predict the long-term behaviour of geological CO₂ storage. Reservoir rock samples were exposed over a period of several months to CO₂-saturated reservoir fluid in high-pressure vessels under in situ temperature and pressure conditions. Petrophysical parameters, porosity and the pore radius distribution were investigated before and after the experiments by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) relaxation and mercury injection. Most of the NMR measurements of the tested samples showed a slight increase of porosity and a higher proportion of large pores.     

A survey on the public perception of CCS in France

An awareness and opinion survey on carbon capture and storage (CCS) was conducted on a representative sample of French residents aged 15 years and above. About 6% of respondents were able to provide a satisfactory definition of the technology. The key question about ‘approval of or opposition to’ the use of CCS in France was asked twice, first after presenting the technology, then after explaining its potential adverse consequences. The approval rates, which were 59% and 38%, respectively, show that there is no a priori rejection of the technology. The sample was split in two to test for a semantic effect: half of the questionnaires used “Stockage” (English: storage), the other half “Sequestration”. Manipulating the vocabulary had no statistically significant effect on approval rates. Stockage is more meaningful, but does not convey the idea of permanent monitoring.     

电磁阀贮存寿命加速试验技术研究

首先陈述了贮存寿命加速试验的基本原理,介绍电磁阀的结构组成,分析了失效模式和失效机理后,采取恒定应力加速试验方法,然后运用极大似然估计和最小二乘法对数据进行处理,最后得出其贮存寿命等结论。     

好氧-缺氧-闲置运行模式处理生活污水

在3个序批式反应器中,利用好氧-缺氧-闲置的运行模式处理实际生活污水,比较了不同曝气时间（2、3和4h）条件下的处理效果,结果表明,在R2（2 h）反应器中成功实现了单级好氧除磷和内聚物驱动的短程硝化反硝化。采用此反应器运行模式,对实际生活污水进行长期处理,反应器的COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为85.29%、74.09%和87.97%。本研究表明,在好氧-缺氧-闲置的运行模式下处理生活污水,能成功地实现单级好氧除磷与内聚物驱动的短程硝化反硝化的结合,并且在长期运行的过程中,能稳定地取得较好的脱氮、除磷效率。     

冲击负荷对厌氧序批式反应器的影响及其恢复重建过程

研究了在厌氧条件下以葡萄糖为基质的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)中冲击负荷对基质吸收和储存的影响及其恢复重建过程.结果表明,正常状态下,反应器在进水COD为5 000.0 mg/L,出水COD为188.6 mg/L,当进水负荷提高至正常状态2倍后,反应器中COD大量累积,其中51.13％为挥发性有机酸(VFA),48.87％则被转化为糖原储存在细胞体内,出水COD最高为2 368.9 mg/L,污泥糖原储存量最高为273.55 mg/g(以挥发性固体计),是正常状态的4.2倍.在冲击负荷条件下,反应器的产甲烷能力恢复较快,胞内糖原储存恢复较慢,出水COD和胞内糖原分别经过20、41 d后恢复冲击负荷前水平.     

盐穴地下储气库事故统计及风险分析

借鉴输气管道和二氧化碳地下封存设施的风险评价方法,结合盐穴地下储气库的事故统计分析,对储气库系统中的潜在风险因素进行12大类、35小类的初步分类,并归纳总结了盐穴地下储气库的3种主要事故类型。采用事故树分析的风险评价方法,对13种主要风险因素进行风险识别。在此基础上,提出定量风险评价的重要工程模型,其包括气体水合物模型、盐穴稳定性评价模型以及气体泄漏模型。该风险分析方法和工程模型有助于定量评价盐穴地下储气库的主要风险因素,为储库的安全稳定运行提供了科学依据。     

中国碳捕集、利用与封存技术研发与示范

碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)是一项新兴的、具有大规模减排潜力的技术,有望实现化石能源使用的CO2近零排放,被认为是进行温室气体深度减排最重要的技术路径之一.开展CCUS技术的研发和储备,将为中国未来温室气体减排提供一种重要的战略性技术选择,受到政府、企业和学术界的广泛关注.本文从CCUS技术产生和发展的背景出发,概括了该技术的特点及存在的主要同题,总结了当前中国CCUS技术政策,介绍了中国CCUS技术研发、试点示范、国际合作等的开展情况,并通过与欧美等发达国家CCUS技术发展与示范活动现状的对比,初步分析了中国CCUS技术发展方面存在的主要不足.为进一步推动我国CCUS技术的研发与示范,文章提出应加强国家层面的技术政策指导和宏观协调、引导资源有效配置；推动建设行业间的CCUS技术合作平台；重视CCUS来来技术应用软环境建设等有针对性的建议.     

A COMPARISON OF STREAMFLOW GENERATION MODELS FOR RESERVOIR CAPACITY-YIELD ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: An analysis of four streamflow generation schemes for the use in the estimation of the required conservation storage for a single reservoir is presented. The comparison of the generating schemes should aid in the selection of an appropriate model type for the reservoir sizing problem. The streamflow generation models are compared using two criteria. The first comparison is between the statistics of the generated streamflow sequences and the corresponding statistics from the historical record. The second evaluation compares the median reservoir size determined by each model with the required storage based on the historical flow sequence. The results of a comparative analysis for monthly streamflow data for the Rzav River in Yugoslavia are presented and discussed. The results indicate that both evaluation criteria are required to discriminate between the various options.     

Storage stability of injection-molded starch-zein plastics under dry and humid conditions

Corn starch and zein mixtures (4 : 1 dry weight) were extruded and injection-molded in the presence of plasticizers (glycerol and water). Tensile strength and percentage elongation of the molded plastics were measured before and after 1 week of storage under a dry or humid condition (11 or 93% RH). With 10–12% glycerol and 6–8% water, injection-molded plastics had relatively good tensile properties (20- to 25-MPa tensile strength and 3.5–4.7% elongation). But while exposed to dry conditions (11% RH), the molded plastics lost weight (0.5–1.5% in 7 days) and became very brittle, with significant decreases in tensile strength and elongation. Partial replacement (5–10%) of starch with a maltodextrin (average DE 5) reduced the glass transition and melting temperatures of the starch-zein mixture as well as the dry storage stability. Using potato starch instead of corn starch significantly improved the dry storage stability of the injection-molded starch-zein plastics (18- vs 11-MPa tensile strength). Anionic corn starches with a maleate or succinate group (DS<0.01) produced injection-molded plastics with improved tensile properties and storage stability. Plastics prepared from the starch maleate and zein mixture retained the strength during 1 week of dry storage without a significant change (26-MPa tensile strength and 3.7% elongation after 1 week of storage).Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.Journal paper No. J-15561 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project No. 2863.