菌株qy37的异养硝化/好氧反硝化机制比较及氨氮加速降解特性研究

筛选出1株耐盐异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌qy37,通过形态观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,确定其为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌qy37的脱氮特性.在以NH4Cl为氮源的异养硝化系统内,该菌32 h内使NH 4+-N由138.52 mg/L降至7.88 mg/L,COD由2 408.39 mg/L降至1 177.49 mg/L,NH2 OH最大积累量为9.42 mg/L,NO 2--N最大积累量仅为0.02 mg/L,推测该菌将NH2OH直接转化为N2O和N2从系统中脱除.在以NaNO2为氮源的好氧反硝化系统内,该菌24 h内使NO 2--N由109.25 mg/L降至2.59 mg/L,NH2OH最大积累量为3.28 mg/L.好氧反硝化系统与异养硝化系统相比菌体生长量高,TN去除率低,COD消耗量低,NH2OH积累量低,并且检测到NO 3--N的积累.认为好氧反硝化在菌体生长和能量利用方面比异养硝化更有效率.在异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合系统内,16 h NH 4+-N去除速率比异养硝化系统提高了37.31%.混合系统的NH2 OH积累量低于异养硝化系统和好氧反硝化系统,但N2 O产出量高于二者.     

Potential particulate pollution derived from UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide

UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was carried out in a static White cell chamber with UV irradiation. The combination of in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) technique, filter sampling and ion chromatographic (IC) analysis was used to monitor the gaseous and potential particulate products. During 240 min of UV irradiation, the degradation e ciency of DMS attained 20.9%, and partially oxidized sulfur-containing gaseous products, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were identified by in situ FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, respectively. Accompanying with the oxidation of DMS, suspended particles were directly detected to be formed by WPS techniques. These particles were measured mainly in the size range of accumulation mode, and increased their count median diameter throughout the whole removal process. IC analysis of the filter samples revealed that methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and other unidentified chemicals accounted for the major non-refractory compositions of these particles. Based on products analysis and possible intermediates formed, the degradation pathways of DMS were proposed as the combination of the O(1D)- and the OH- initiated oxidation mechanisms. A plausible formation mechanism of the suspended particles was also analyzed. It is concluded that UV-induced degradation of odorous DMS is potentially a source of particulate pollutants in the atmosphere.     

Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide fluxes in an urban lawn and adjacent bare soil in Guangzhou, China

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) fluxes from an urban Cynodon dactylon lawn and adjacent bare soil were measured during April–July 2005 in Guangzhou, China. Both the lawn and bare soil acted as sinks for COS and sources for DMS. The mean fluxes of COS and DMS in the lawn (–19.27 and 18.16 pmol/(m2 sec), respectively) were significantly higher than those in the bare soil (–9.89 and 9.35 pmol/(m2 sec), respectively). Fluxes of COS and DMS in mowed lawn were also higher than those in bare soils. Both COS and DMS fluxes showed diurnal variation with detectable but much lower values in the nighttime than in the daytime. COS fluxes were related significantly to temperature and the optimal temperature for COS uptake was 29°C. While positive linear correlations were found between DMS fluxes and temperature. COS fluxes increased linearly with ambient COS mixing ratios, and had a compensation point of 336 ppt.     

PAS-PDMDAAC复合混凝剂研究

以Al2（SO）4和PDMDAAC为原料进行了无机-有机复合絮凝剂的复合实验研制,确定其制备工艺条件,并对油田现场采集的钻井废水作絮凝沉降实验,所研制的PAS-PDMDAAC复合絮凝剂对COD的去除效率可大大提高.     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.     

石油污染对海水中细菌数量和酶活性的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了不同浓度(0,0.05 mg/L,0.15 mg/L,0.45 mg/L和1.35 mg/L)的石油,对海水中细菌数量和酶活性在短期(96 h)和较长期(28 d)内的影响,结果表明:(1)海水中的细菌数量随着石油污染时间和浓度的不同,表现出不同的变化特征。可培养异养菌数在96 h内,所有实验组均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,其后低浓度实验组保持缓慢上升至7 d后数值维持稳定,但最高浓度组(1.35 mg/L)海水中的异养细菌数在7 d后明显下降,之后逐渐上升。实验持续28 d时,各组间差别不显著(P0.05)。在培养24 h时,各实验组细菌总数有明显增长,且随石油浓度增加而升高,随后其变化没有明显规律,但培养7 d后,较低浓度组细菌总数一直高于对照组,而高浓度组(1.35 mg/L)细菌总数一直低于对照组。(2)石油污染对海水中细菌脱氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)具有诱导作用。细菌脱氢酶活性和SOD活性分别在培养72 h和24 h时显著升高,且随着石油浓度增加,其活性上升。经过长时间培养后,细菌酶活恢复正常,与对照组没有显著差别。     

辛醇异丁醛装置化工异味综合治理

分析了辛醇异丁醛装置化工异味来源,介绍了通过技术改造、回收利用、生物除臭等方法消除化工异味的成功经验,对目前存在的问题,提出改进建议。     

冬季东海、南黄海中DMS和DMSP浓度分布及影响因素研究

于2011年12月~2012年1月现场测定了东海、南黄海表层海水中二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)的含量,研究了它们的浓度分布规律及其影响因素,并对DMSPp的粒级分布和DMS的海-气通量进行了探讨.结果表明,表层海水中DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp的浓度分别在0.58~4.14、0.37~7.86和4.29~25.76 nmol·L-1之间,平均值分别为(2.20±0.82)、(2.12±1.66)和(11.98±6.23)nmol·L-1.DMS、DMSPp与叶绿素a(Chl-a)呈现明显的正相关关系,并且它们的周日变化趋势基本一致,说明浮游植物生物量是影响研究海域内DMS和DMSP生产分布的关键因素.另外,DMSPd浓度和总细菌丰度表现出一定的负相关,这可能是在细菌释放的DMSP裂解酶的作用下DMSPd会发生裂解生成DMS.研究发现,5~20μm的微型浮游植物是海区内Chl-a和DMSPp的主要贡献者.此外,冬季东海、南黄海表层海水DMS的海-气通量在0.61~25.52μmol·(m2·d)-1之间,平均值为(8.30±5.92)μmol·(m2·d)-1.     

半干旱半湿润地区HSPF模型水文模拟及参数不确定性研究

本研究选取半干旱半湿润地区北京妫水河流域2005—2007年和2008年月径流数据为率定期和验证期,建立HSPF水文模型进行径流模拟,结合人工率定和PEST自动率定程序进行参数优选,并通过GLUE方法分析模型参数不确定性.通过Monte-Carlo随机采样得到30000组参数组合,分析参数与似然值散点图,把参数分为敏感参数(LZSN、AGWRC)、区间敏感参数(BASETP)和不敏感参数(AGWETP、INFILT、CEPSC、DEEPFR、UZSN、INTFW、IRC).针对比较敏感的参数LZSN、AGWRC和BASETP分析其相关性,发现LZSN和AGWRC相关性较强.模型存在大量"异参同效"现象,表明影响结果的是参数组合而不是单一参数.进一步计算90%置信度下的不确定性范围,发现不确定性范围与径流大小密切相关,径流愈大其不确定性范围愈大,反之亦然.本文对参数不确定的分析研究可为HSPF模型在区域尺度水文预测等提供参考和依据.     

异养与硫自养反硝化协同处理高硝氮废水特性研究

在异养反硝化反应器中添加单质硫,实现硫自养与异养反硝化联合处理NO_3~-废水,探讨异养和硫自养反硝化协同过程中的p H恒定及污泥减量化的特性.结果表明,硫自养反硝化菌在异养反硝化反应器内能够实现快速生长.经过65d的运行,控制进水TOC/N为0.65~0.75时,协同反硝化在无额外碱添加的情况下,厌氧反硝化产生的碱度满足自养反硝化的需求;运行至116d时,协同反硝化的总氮去除率为85%以上,脱氮效能稳定在2.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).通过与完全异养反硝化相比,协同反硝化的污泥产量仅为完全异养反硝化的60%,极大地降低了污泥产量.但是利用协同自养反硝化处理高浓度NO_3~--N废水时,存在NO_2~--N累积的现象,即使是最终稳定期也有20 mg·L~(-1),需进行深度处理.