连续流好氧颗粒污泥系统处理低COD/N实际生活污水的工艺优化

在连续流合建式反应器中接种成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理低碳氮比(COD/N)的实际生活污水,研究了曝气量和水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对连续流好氧颗粒污泥系统脱氮除磷和颗粒污泥稳定性的影响.结果表明,当曝气量为300 m L·min-1(表观气速为1.2 cm·s-1)、HRT为7.5 h时,反应器对化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)去除率达到最高,分别为76.34%、51.23%和53.70%.整个系统在此条件下能够稳定运行,污泥浓度(mixed liquor suspended solids,MLSS)为2 000 mg·L-1左右,污泥体积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)保持在50 m L·g-1以下,好氧颗粒污泥形态完整,沉降性能良好.低COD/N的实际生活污水促进了好氧颗粒污泥胞外多聚物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的增长,蛋白质(protein,PN)和多聚糖(polysaccharide,PS)的比值高达17.9,相对于PS,PN对颗粒污泥的稳定性有更大的促进作用.     

低氮燃烧加选择性非催化还原脱硝技术——以某水泥厂应用为例

近年来,在新的《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 4915-2013)和总量减排的压力下,各地水泥厂,尤其是大型水泥厂,逐步实施了脱硝工程,但在实际应用中,部分水泥厂的污染物排放仍然存在一定的问题,需要从技术和管理上进行进一步的加强。本文以某水泥厂的低氮燃烧加选择性非催化还原脱硝处理工艺(SNCR)为例,比较了脱硝工程实施前后各种污染物的排放情况,监测结果表明,该项目脱硝效果良好,氨排放也处于较低水平。     

微生物代谢物中的低分子有机酸对土壤中重金属生物有效性的影响

低分子量有机酸是一种带有一个或多个羧基功能团的低分子量碳氢氧化合物,广泛存在于土壤环境,尤其是根际土壤中,且其在植物-土壤系统中具有重要的生态功能,尤其是对土壤中重金属生物有效性的影响。因此特点,有机酸强化植物修复重金属污染土壤得到了研究者的广泛重视。因此,本文介绍了微生物代谢产物有机酸对重金属生物有效性的影响,以期推动今后在微生物强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的机理与实践研究。     

乌江水库水体中有机胶粒的三维荧光特征研究

超滤与三维荧光光谱的结合可以表征不同类型荧光物质相对分子量的分布规律,揭示它们的来源以及组分差异.本项研究用截留相对分子量为1 000和10 000的再生纤维素超滤膜,对乌江水库不同深度水体中的溶解有机质进行了分离,利用三维荧光光谱表征了3种不同相对分子量组分中发荧光有机质的光谱特征.结果表明:荧光物质主要存在于真溶液(＜1 000)中.水体在丰水期和枯水期的荧光峰存在差异.丰水期主要存在4种类型的荧光峰:类富里酸荧光A峰和C峰,类蛋白荧光峰B峰和D峰.枯水期则只表现出3种类型的荧光峰,类富里酸荧光峰C不明显,原因可能是此时水库处于蓄水状态,内部生物活动作用显著,产生的类蛋白荧光物质强度较大从而掩盖峰C的强度.然而72 m以下由于厌氧还原条件的出现,沉积物向水体释放了溶解有机质组分,原本强度被掩盖的荧光峰C明显出现在1 000～10 000组分中.     

室内空气中总挥发性有机物检测方法的优化

室内空气中总挥发性有机物会对人体产生不利的影响,为了科学合理的检测室内空气中总挥发性有机物,GB 50325—2010和ISO 16017—1都规定了监测方法,然而这些检测方法耗时较长,为此,本文提出了一种优化的室内空气中总挥发性有机物检测方法,将检测时间降低至23.19min。最后选用实际的室内气体进行验证,结果表明了所提方法的有效性。     

Occurrence, polarity and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in the Huangpu River, China

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystem. To investigate the characteristics of DOM in Huangpu River {the last tributary of the Yangtze River）, surface water samples were collected along the river from December 2011 to June, 2013. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, the absorbance and fluorescence spectrum of DOM in water samples were measured. Fluorescent DOM in the Huangpu River was decomposed into four components by the parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC）, including one humic-like substance and three protein-like substances. It showed that high spatial variability of DOC concentration was observed in the upstream water compared to the downstream water, and so did the absorbance coefficients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and the total fluorescence intensities of different PARAFAC components of DOM. Furthermore, there was a large difference between the polarity and bioavailability of DOM in the Huangpu River. Polar compounds dominated tyrosine-like component of fluorescent DOM in all seasons. Tryptophan-like and humic-like substances had more polar fraction in summer and autumn than those in winter, while aromatic protein-like materials had the highest polar fraction in winter. Almost all of fluorescent DOM components were refractory in spring, while less than 20% of fluorescent DOM in average were biodegradable within 4 weeks in other seasons. We concluded that the spatial variation in the abundance of DOM in the Huangpu River is mainly affected by the water discharges from the Hangjiahu Plain and the seasonal difference in polarity and bioavailability of DOM is largely determined by its origins.     

Enhanced anaerobic fermentation with azo dye as electron acceptor： Simultaneous acceleration of organics decomposition and azo decolorization

Accumulation of hydrogen during anaerobic processes usually results in low decomposition of volatile organic acids（VFAs）. On the other hand, hydrogen is a good electron donor for dye reduction, which would help the acetogenic conversion in keeping low hydrogen concentration. The main objective of the study was to accelerate VFA composition through using azo dye as electron acceptor. The results indicated that the azo dye serving as an electron acceptor could avoid H2 accumulation and accelerate anaerobic digestion of VFAs. After adding the azo dye, propionate decreased from 2400.0 to 689.5 mg/L and acetate production increased from 180.0 to 519.5 mg/L. It meant that the conversion of propionate into acetate was enhanced. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that the abundance of propionate-utilizing acetogens with the presence of azo dye was greater than that in a reference without azo dye. The experiments via using glucose as the substrate further demonstrated that the VFA decomposition and the chemical oxygen demand（COD） removal increased by 319.7 mg/L and 23.3% respectively after adding the azo dye. Therefore, adding moderate azo dye might be a way to recover anaerobic system from deterioration due to the accumulation of H2 or VFAs.     

新型一体式生物流化床-生物滤池处理低C/N废水研究

研究低碳氮比有机废水的高效处理技术具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。采用一体式生物流化床-生物滤池处理低C/N废水。考察了在不同的C/N进水和温度,反应器对污染物的处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,常温下,C/N从1.75提高到2.64,COD去除率维持在85%,氨氮、TN去除率随C/N升高分别提高了8.4%和14.6%。低温时,低氨氮、TN的平均去除率为30%和15%。研究结果为该类型生物反应器工业设计时提供了参考依据。     

负载型纳米金属材料的最新研究进展

纳米金属材料因具有许多优异的特性,具有日益广阔的应用前景。负载型纳米金属相对于纯纳米金属材料具有稳定性高,易回收利用,无毒害性等优点,其制备和应用成为目前研究的热点之一。负载型纳米金属材料的制备方法很多,目前国内外学者通过大量的实验研究,总结出了一些比较成熟的,效果较理想的负载方法。因载体对负载方法的选择影响较大,文章着重介绍了以膨润土、活性炭、碳纳米管、氧化物和有机高分子类为载体的负载方法,引用国内外学者的实验成果,对制得的负载型纳米金属材料的形貌,粒径等特性进行描述。负载型纳米金属材料的应用广泛,着重描述了近年来其在环境治理和水生态保护方面的应用进展,对难降解的有机卤代物,有机染料和重金属以及硝酸盐类等的处理效果进行研究。最后提出了纳米金属材料在投入应用中应该解决的问题和展望。     

根际微生物对土壤有机物修复现状和发展

由于耕种需要、污灌、垃圾渗滤液、环境事故等原因大量的有机污染物进入土壤。因为良好的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益,利用植物修复有机物污染土壤已经成为国内外研究的重点和热点。在分析植物和根际微生物作用关系及其对有机物污染修复作用机理基础上,进一步探讨了植物和根际微生物对有机污染物的修复原理、修复效果和修复途径以及植物和根际微生物选择机理。最后根据目前研究的热点和土壤污染的特点,全面阐述了土壤有机物污染利用根际微生物进行修复的发展前景和发展趋势。