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991.
公路边土壤和水稻中铅的分布,累积及临界含量 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
在距公路5、10、50、100、200m准备收割的稻田中同时采集土壤及稻米样品。对2条公路的样品分析结果表明,汽车尾气中铅的污染大多集中在公路两侧50m左右的范围内。土壤自身性质对路边土壤及水稻中铅的分布、累积具有显著影响。经壤水稻中铅的累积量小于重壤水稻土,但轻壤水稻糙米的含铅量却高于重壤。轻壤中土壤含铅量和糙米含铅量之间具有相关关系。探讨了公路边土壤的临界含量问题,推算出轻壤中此值为58mg/ 相似文献
992.
993.
Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on homoionic montmorillonite, soil humic acid, and their mixtures was studied by coupling batch equilibration and FT-IR analysis. Adsorption isotherms of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on Ca2+-, Mg2+ -. Al3+ -and Fe3+ -saturated clays were well described by the Freundlich equation. Regardless of the type of exchange cations, Kf decreased in the order of metolachlor > acetolachlor > alachlor > propachlor on the same clay. FT-IR spectra showed that the carbonyl group of the herbicide molecule was involved in binding, probably via H-bond with water molecules in the clay interlayer. The type and position of substitutions around the carbonyl group may have affected the electronegativity of oxygen, thus influencing the relative adsorption of these herbicides. For the same herbicide, adsorption on clay increased in the order of Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Al3+ ≤ Fe3+ which coincided with the iucreasing aciditv of homoionic clays. Acidity of cations may have affected the protonation of water, and thus the strength of H-bond between the clay water and herbicide. Complexation of clay and humic acid resulted in less adsorption than that expected from independent adsorption by the individual constituents. The effect varied with herbicides, but the greatest decrease in adsorption occurred at a 60:40 clay-to-humic acid ratio for all the herbicides. Causes for the decreased adsorption need to be characterized to better understand adsorption mechanisms and predict adsorption from soil compositions. 相似文献
994.
14C-甲磺隆在土壤中的可提态残留、结合态残留和矿化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在实验室培养条件下,从质量平衡角度,研究了14C-甲磺隆在7种土壤中形成结合残留(14C-BR)、可提态残留(14C-ER)以及矿化为14CO2的规律;同时对14C-BR的主要影响因子及其在腐殖质中的分布规律进行了研究.结果表明:①14C-甲磺隆在土壤中形成的14C-ER,其含量与土壤pH呈显著正相关.甲磺隆母体化合物在7种土壤中 的半减期为13.3~66.6d,降解速率常数λ(d-1)与pH呈显著负相关.②14C-甲磺隆在7种土壤中形成的14C-BR,其含量在培养初期的20d内,与土壤pH呈显著负相关且与土壤粘粒含量呈显著正相关;而培养20d后,14C-BR的含量只与土壤pH呈显著负相关.pH是04C-甲磺隆在土壤中形成BR的主要影响因子.14C-甲磺隆在7种土壤中的14C-BR的最大值约为引入量的19.3%~52.6%.③在整个培养试验过程中,7种土壤中的14C-BR主要分布在富啡酸和胡敏素中,但其分布在胡敏酸中的相对百分比较小.因此,在14C-甲磺隆形成BR的过程中,富啡酸的作用>胡敏素>胡敏酸.④在整个培养试验期间(180d),14C-甲磺隆在7种土壤中通过三嗪杂环开环矿化为14CO2的量约占引入量的12.9%~27.0%,其在碱性土壤中更难被矿化为14CO2. 相似文献
995.
Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously. 相似文献
996.
997.
沂北水稻主产区田间土—水磷素流失潜能 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
选取嘉善、余姚、德清、余杭4个具有代表性浙北水稻主产区,研究了水田土-水磷素流失潜能及环境意义。4稻区高水平磷肥投入促进了土壤高磷化,土壤Olsen-P积累的同时,相应地提高了土壤生物性有效磷、水浸提磷,并提高了土壤磷素的流失潜能。稻区土壤在富磷化过程中,存在着土壤磷素的农学意义向环境意义方向演变的趋势。在非植稻期,稻区农田水体,包括沟渠水、田表水、排渠水、暗管排水等总磷(TP)平均超过了易诱发水体富营养化临界值,其中溶解磷(DRP)占总磷40%;主要是源于绿肥田表水及部分排渠中的溶解磷对稻区外水体构成了直接危害。在非植稻期,因稻区间农耕措施的差异导致了土壤富磷水平与对应田表水磷素水平不具相关性;在植稻期,施磷措施促进水田土壤富磷,相应地提高了田表水磷素水平。 相似文献
998.
1000.