夏、冬季降雨中溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征及来源辨析

利用紫外-可见光谱与三维荧光光谱,结合拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型及火点图,研究了重庆2013年夏、冬两季雨水DOM光谱特征,并对其来源进行解析.结果表明,雨水DOM与水体、土壤DOM具有类似性质光谱特征,证明降雨DOM也是陆地及水环境中DOM地化特征的重要贡献者.雨水DOM中DOC含量为0.88~12.80 mg·L-1,CDOM含量在3.17~21.11m-1之间,夏、冬两季降雨DOM差异明显(P0.05).与夏季相比,冬季降雨DOM分子量较小,芳香性程度较低,腐殖化程度也更低,输入主要以本地和短距离输送为主;而夏季DOM来源较分散.尽管吸收和荧光光谱可用于解析雨水DOM组成和来源,但在光谱特征的解析和来源识别上与其他来源DOM有所区别,传统"内、外源区分"并不适用于雨水DOM.     

经口摄入土壤多溴联苯醚生物可给性变化及影响因素的体外消化模拟

误食土壤是污染物(如多溴联苯醚)人体(主要是儿童)暴露的重要途径,人体消化道内污染物吸收的生物可给性是针对此种暴露方式进行定量风险评估的有效途径之一.本研究采用体外消化实验模拟3种不同有机碳含量的天然土壤中典型多溴联苯醚(BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153)在胃和小肠消化液中的释放,验证部分消化释放的多溴联苯醚因消化残留固相表面的再吸附造成低估实际生物可给性,并通过不同水土比的拟合计算予以校正.结果表明,校正后的消化率普遍高于校正前;就不同土样而言,BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153在不同初始暴露浓度条件下平均提升比例范围分别为14.3%~42.3%、11.1%~32.1%、4.9%~12.3%和0.0%~7.7%.因此,未经校正的消化率会显著低估PBDEs消化道内的生物可给性,尤其是低溴代组分及PBDEs初始浓度较高或高TOC含量的土样.校正后BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153的消化率分别维持在21.9%~54.7%、18.8%~43.1%、13.4%~27.2%和9.3%~19.9%.此外,PBDEs的消化率与其辛醇-水分配系数的对数lg KOW呈显著负相关;而与土壤TOC含量及PBDEs初始暴露浓度的相关性并不显著,尤其是高溴代组分.     

载镁活化天然沸石处理高氟地下水实验研究

为了研究地下水中阴离子对载镁活化天然沸石除氟效果的影响,考察了4种主要阴离子——Cl-,HCO3-,SO42-,PO43-的影响,并分析了吸附剂的除氟机理及表面结构和成分。结果表明:对于初始氟浓度不同的水样,随着阴离子浓度的增加,吸附剂对氟的去除效率逐渐降低。Cl-对吸附剂除氟效果影响较小,氟去除率降低较慢;随着HCO3-浓度的增大(由100 mg/L到1 000 mg/L),水样pH缓慢由7.48增大到9.44,而氟去除率则由63.78%缓慢下降到52.70%(2 mg/L);SO42-及PO43-对改性沸石除氟效果影响较大,氟去除率降低较快,且SO42-的影响大于PO43-。所以,镁改性天然沸石对该4种阴离子的吸附顺序是:SO42->PO43->HCO3->Cl-。     

高压输电线路的工频电磁场对环境的影响分析及对策建议

依据《500kV超高压送变电工程电磁辐射环境影响评价技术规范》（HJ/T24-1998）中的预测模式,分析不同技术参数对输电线路周围环境工频电磁场强度的影响,并有针对性地提出减少输电线路对周围环境影响的环境保护措施及优化输电线路的架设方式。     

天然藻类吸附重金属的研究

传统的重金属废水处理技术存在耗能高、运行成本高及存在二次污染的问题等诸多劣势;而天然海藻由于其来源广、产量大,在处理重金属废水方面存在较多的优点。介绍了藻类处理重金属离子的研究背景、现状,阐述了藻类处理重金属的优点、机理,重点介绍了海藻处理废水过程中的各种影响因素,并对海藻处理废水的应用前景进行了展望。     

环境地表γ计量率、工频电磁场和射频电场监测实验结果对比分析研究

本文通过两实验室针对环境地表γ计量率、工频电磁场和射频电场仪器对比实验,并对结果进行了统计检验。分析结果表明,两者监测数据无显著差异。     

水体中苯胺光降解的实验研究

为了更好地了解苯胺类物质在环境中的化学行为,在自行设计的光化学反应器上进行模拟天然水体的苯胺光降解实验,用气相色谱法测定苯胺的残余质量浓度,考察了水体pH值、光强、反应时间、光敏化剂、水质等条件影响下苯胺的光降解效果和规律.3h内苯胺在3个不同体系中的降解效果从大到小依次是:去离子水模拟天然水体、加入光敏化物质的灭菌河水、未加光敏化物质的灭菌河水.pH值为5.0,Fe2 、过氧化氢、腐殖质存在时苯胺的光降解效果较好.     

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

Efficacy of natural biocide on control of microbial induced corrosion in oil pipelines mediated by Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas

We compared the efficacy of a natural biocide with four chemical tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfonate, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, to control microbial induced corrosion in oil pipelines. The efficacy of biocides were monitored against Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas in experimental pipes by measuring cell counts, H2S production, Fe(II) production, production of extracellular polymeric substances and structure of biofilm. The treatment with cow urine had minimum planktonic cell counts of 3 102 CFU/mL as well as biofilm cell counts of 9 101 CFU/mL as compared with tetrakishydroxyl methyl phosphonium sulfonate, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Sulfide production was the lowest with cow urine (0.08 mmol/L), followed by tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfonate 0.72 mmol/L. On day 90 of treatment, Fe(II) production was also found to be the lowest with cow urine. The scanning electron microscopic studies indicated that the biofilm bacteria were killed by cow urine. These results demonstrate the cow urine mediated control of microbially induced corrosion, and this is indicative of its potential as a viable substitute of toxic biocides. To the best of our knowledge, this seems to be the first report which screens possible biocidal activity by cow urine as compared to the most common biocides which oil industry is currently using.     

天然草原鲜草逾10.5亿t

正农业部发布的《2013年全国草原监测报告》显示,2013年我国草原保护建设力度进一步加大,草原畜牧业生产方式加快转变,全国天然草原鲜草产量再创新高,草原生态呈现加快恢复的良好态势.2013年,全国天然草原鲜草总产量达到105581.2万t,较上年增加0.59%,为近10年来最高.