流速对雨水管道中沉积物-水界面磷的释放及其释放速率的影响

通过实验室模拟研究了进水流速对雨水管道中沉积物-水界面间磷释放规律的影响,得出不同流速条件下沉积物-水界面磷交换的平衡时间,拟合出上覆水磷的平均浓度和沉积物中磷最大累积释放量与流速的关系曲线,并采用连续函数计算方法通过现场采样和实验分析进行不同流速下雨水管道沉积物-水界面磷交换速率的研究,最后根据实验得出的交换速率值,以一条雨水管线为例估算了不同进水流速下沉积物中磷释放总量.结果表明,流速的增大会促进沉积物中磷的释放,且上覆水总磷平均浓度及磷释放最大量随流速的增大而呈指数式增长,对应的指数方程分别为y=1.2194e0.5983x和y=0.436e0.7928x.在实验工况下,流速为0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9和1.1 m.s-1对应的磷平均释放速率分别为0.62、1.04、2.51、2.85和4.09 mg.m-.2min-1;对应的磷释放总量的估算值分别为3410.00、5720.00、27610.00、31350.00和61861.25 mg.     

天津市工业能源消费碳排放量核算及影响因素分解

天津市工业经济的快速发展促使其能源消费量持续增加,已经成为该市能源消费的主体.建立能源消费的碳排放核算方法,对天津市工业能源消费碳排放量的时间序列进行分析.结果表明:在过去10 a内天津市工业能源消费的碳排放量年均增长10.41%,比工业增加值平均增速低58.53%;工业能源强度持续下降,万元(104元)增加值碳排放强度整体呈下降趋势,由1999年的2.38 t/万元降至2009年的0.68 t/万元,表明工业节能减排效果较明显;在工业终端能源消费结构中,煤炭占57.80%,高于北京、上海等地.采用对数平均迪氏指数分解法(LMDI)对工业经济规模、行业结构、能源效率和能源结构等因素进行分析.结果表明:工业经济规模是碳排放持续增长的主导原因;行业结构、能源结构整体上对碳排放量影响较小;能源利用效率提高是工业节能减排成效的最主要贡献因素,对碳排放量变化的贡献率达-140.80%.通过对天津市工业行业的进一步分析可知,能源密集型行业严重影响了工业能源消费碳排放量的变化.      

引入化学反应的600MW机组SCR脱硝系统模拟

以600MW火电机组SCR脱硝装置为研究对象,应用CFD软件完成建立模型、划分网格、选择数学模型、设置边界条件、模拟计算等工作,最终得出SCR脱硝系统流速分布及Cv值、压力损失、NH3分布及逃逸浓度等结果。结果表明,SCR脱硝系统流速分布均匀、偏差符合设计要求,NH3与烟气混合均匀,氨逃逸浓度低。     

基于LDA的矩形巷道测风站风速测定与校正实验研究

针对传统接触性瞬时测风方法未能体现风流脉动性及随机性的特点,在15组不同断面平均风速下,采用非接触式湍流测试手段激光多普勒测速仪（LDA）,对测风站巷道断面中垂线上24个测点的风速进行测试。实验表明,断面测点瞬时速度时间序列极不规则,但速度大小服从正态分布,具有规则的统计规律。基于湍流统计平均后,测风站断面某点的测点风速与断面平均风速呈线性关系,经验证,通过校正系数,可根据断面任意一点风速值来确定断面平均风速的大小。研究表明,LDA测量技术可以精准测试巷道流场的湍流特性,基于统计平均的结果为井下测风站风速传感器的校正提供一种新的技术途径。     

生态沟渠对农田排水中氮磷的去除机理初探

在野外分别构建生态沟渠(采用分布有10 cm×10 cm长方形孔的混凝土板材,沟底、沟壁种植植物)、对照沟渠1(采用硬质化混凝土板材,未人为布设植物)和对照沟渠2(土质沟渠,未人为布设植物),研究了3种沟渠对颗粒物的拦截效果及其机理。结果表明,生态沟渠对农田排水中氮磷的高效去除机理主要表现在沟渠植物的吸收、过滤箱中的基质吸附和植物吸收、沟渠拦截坝所产生的减缓流速和沉降泥沙等方面。其中,沟渠植物吸收氮磷分别占夏季试验进水氮磷总量的68.30%和78.45%,泥沙沉降占1.05%和5.05%;生态沟渠放置过滤箱后的氮磷去除效果显著好于未放置时,过滤箱中的植物吸收氮磷占放置过滤箱试验进水氮磷量的0.37%和1.55%,过滤箱中的基质吸附占10.82%和37.94%;生态沟渠设置拦截坝时的水力停留时间较未设拦截坝时延长2.0倍。     

某核废液处理厂的火灾爆炸事故解析(Ⅱ) 氧化剂盐粒子的大小及微观结构对沥青固化物的固—液表面氧化还原反应特性的影响

就不同粒径及微观构造的氧化剂盐粒子制备的沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性用高感度量热仪(C80微量量热仅)进行了测定.结果表明,当氧化剂盐粒子的微观构造基本相同时,随粒径的减小,制作的沥青固化物的反应开始温度向低温方向偏移,低温领域的发热量增大.当粒径的大小及其分布基本相同时,沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性随粒子的微观构造的不同表现出较大的差异,由针状结晶构成的多孔状粒子制成的沥青固化物的反应开始温度低、低温领域的发热量较大.     

环青海湖地区风的气候变化特征分析

选取青海湖周围几个代表台站，根据定时、逐日、月、年风向、风速资料，统计了环青海湖地区风的气候变化特征。     

Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time

Using total suspended solid （TSS） removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time （HRT） as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland （CW） was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was desiEned to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stonnwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin （FSB） in the CVV was theoretically designed with a total storage volume （TSV） of 453 ms and HRT of 5.5 hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CVV. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8 m3/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8 m3/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT （20.7 hr） compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2 m with 11.8 hr HRT.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soil from the Tibetan Plateau

Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans（PCDD/Fs） and polychlorinated biphenyls（PCBs） in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was（2.30 ± 1.02） pg/g, and World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalency（WHO-TEQ） average concentration was（0.013 ± 0.010）pg WHO-TEQ/g. The average concentration of ∑PCBs（7 indicator PCB and 12 dioxin like-PCB congeners） was（16.2 ± 9.25） pg/g, and WHO-TEQ average concentration was 0.043 ±0.049 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Comparing to previous studies in similar environmental conditions,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in this study showed a relatively lower concentration. The altitude dependences of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also studied. Total organic carbon（TOC） normalized concentrations presented a quadratic relation with the altitudes, and an inflection could be found on the parabola of the total concentrations and some congeners of high concentration.The concentrations decreased with altitudes below about 4500 m above sea level（a.s.l.）, while they increased with altitudes above it. These phenomena indicate that cold condensation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs would happen above 4500 m a.s.l, on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Effects of ozonation and coagulation on effluent organic matter characteristics and ultrafiltration membrane fouling

Effluent organic matter （EfOM） is the major cause of fouling in the low pressure membranes process for wastewater reuse. Coagulation and oxidation of biological wastewater treatment effluent have been applied for the fouling control of microfiltration membranes. However, the change in EfOM structure by pre-treatments has not been clearly identified. The changes of EfOM characteristics induced by coagulation and ozonation were investigated through size exclusion chromatography, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry and titrimetric analysis to identify the mechanisms in the reduction of ultrafiltration （UF） membrane fouling. The results indicated that reduction of flux decline by coagulation was due to modified characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content. Total concentration of DOC was not reduced by ozonation. However, the mass fraction of the molecules with molecular weight larger than 5 kDa, fluorescence intensity, aromaticity, highly condensed chromophores, average molecular weight and soluble microbial byproducts decreased greatly after ozonation. These results indicated that EfOM was partially oxidized by ozonation to low molecular weight, highly charged compounds with abundant electron- withdrawing functional groups, which are favourable for alleviating UF membrane flux decline.