Cd胁迫下超富集植物圆锥南芥抗氧化机理

采用土培的方法研究了不同Cd2+添加量(0、10、20、40、80、160、240mg.kg-1)对多金属超富集植物圆锥南芥(Arabis paniculata Franch)抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶POD、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶CAT、过氧化物酶APX)活性、非酶物质(巯基SH、谷胱甘肽GSH、植物络合素PCs)含量以及生物量、叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、半胱氨酸(Cysteine)、脯氨酸(Proline)含量的影响.结果表明,随着Cd添加量的增加,圆锥南芥的生物量、Cd含量、富集系数、转运系数呈增加趋势,SOD活性、叶绿素含量呈下降趋势.POD、CAT、APX活性以及MDA含量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势.圆锥南芥叶片中SH、GSH、PCs含量随Cd添加量的增加而增加,当Cd添加量为240mg.kg-1时,SH、GSH、PCs含量分别比对照提高了92.7%、70.2%、143.4%,表明SH、GSH、PCs在解毒Cd毒害中起着重要作用.     

表面活性剂对茭白生长影响及土壤残留分析

采用土培的试验方法,研究了在不同浓度阴离子表面活性剂——直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)处理后,单季茭"美人茭"的生长、茭白叶片中叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统活性的变化情况,以及LAS在茭白叶片和土壤中的相对残留量.结果表明,10 mg.L-1、100 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度对茭白的生长状态没有显著影响;1000 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度下美人茭株高和最大叶宽均分别低于对照25.5%(p0.05)和27.0%(p0.05),处理过程中叶绿素总含量大幅下降.10 mg.L-1、100 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度下美人茭的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高,1000 mg.L-1LAS处理浓度下美人茭的过氧化物酶(POD)活性受到严重的抑制.丙二醛(MDA)含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,并随着LAS处理浓度的升高而升高.茭白叶片中LAS残留量先下降后上升,10 mg.L-1处理浓度下美人茭叶片中LAS含量低;10和100mg.L-1处理浓度下土壤中LAS含量基本在0.1～0.5 mg.L-1之间,1000 mg.L-1处理浓度下土壤中LAS含量持续上升,达到2.0～3.0mg.L-1,且LAS含量在第28d比第7d时高54.0%(p0.05).与单纯的土壤环境相比,茭白-土壤系统能够更有效地降低土壤中LAS含量.     

汞对水花生愈伤组织生理及超微结构的毒性效应

研究了Hg胁迫对水花生致密型愈伤组织叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性及细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明,随着Hg施加浓度的增加,总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、可溶性蛋白含量呈先升后降趋势,叶绿素a/叶绿素b逐渐下降;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升后降,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈逐渐下降趋势;同时,超氧阴离子(O2-·)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量均呈逐渐上升趋势.电镜扫描结果发现,Hg胁迫破坏了细胞膜系统,特别是对线粒体、叶绿体、细胞核造成了较为严重的不可逆的损伤,所观察到的核膜破裂方式主要是超量分泌膜泡.Hg对水花生愈伤组织的致死浓度范围为20～40μmol·L-1.     

土壤镉污染毒性效应的多指标综合评价

以草甸棕壤为供试土壤,以蚕豆幼苗根尖有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率以及微核率,幼苗叶片内抗氧化酶活性、植物内源激素含量为指标,采用盆栽方法研究了0～10 mg·kg^-1镉胁迫对植物细胞的遗传和生态毒性效应.结果表明,在此浓度范围内,蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率以及微核率均随镉浓度增加呈显著的剂量-效应正相关关系,其中微核率变化最为明显,处理组微核率分别为对照组的1.43～3.22倍;蚕豆幼苗叶片内的SOD和POD活性变化呈先升高后下降的趋势;而CAT活性随镉浓度增加其变化规律与SOD、POD相反.此外,镉胁迫下植物激素脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA₃)与细胞分裂素类的玉米素和玉米素核苷总含量(Z&ZR)均表现出低浓度下诱导和较高浓度下诱导率降低的趋势,在镉浓度为2.5 mg·kg^-1时３种植物激素含量均达到最高值,分别比对照组增加了6.6%、 4.0%和12.6%.研究表明,各指标对污染物的毒性具有响应且响应的域值及其敏感度不同,将各指标综合使用可使土壤镉污染的遗传和生态毒性诊断更为有效.     

镉胁迫下缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)抗氧化酶活性及DNA损伤的研究

通过重金属暴露法,研究了不同质量浓度Cd2+在96 h内对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)消化腺和鳃组织三种抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GSH-Px)活性的影响及DNA的损伤.结果显示:暴露的短时间内Cd2+对缢蛏两种组织SOD和CAT的激活作用随Cd2+浓度的升高而升高,最高浓度组(0.1 mg/...     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis （Prymnesiophyceae）： Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years.Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth,pigments, lipid peroxidation,and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis,in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt(Co)and manganese(Mn),especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.In response to Co~(2 ),lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control,as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn~(2 ).Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner,depending on the metal assayed:after Co~(2 )treatments,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was irregular,although it was not significantly affected by Mn~(2 )exposure.Co~(2 )and Mn~(2 )stimulated the activities of catalase(CAT)and glutathione(GSH),whereas,ghitathione peroxidase(GPX)showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co~(2 )treatments and decreased gradually with Mn~(2 )concentration,up to 50μmol/L,and then rose very rapidly,reaching to about 38.98% at 200μmol/L Mn~(2 ).These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced,to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.     

1株好氧脱氮菌的筛选与脱氮特性研究

研究好氧反硝化菌的筛选、生物脱氮机制及代谢特征.采用极限稀释及平板划线法对好氧条件下能同步硝化/反硝化的细菌进行广泛筛选,分离到6株具有好氧脱氮效果的异养菌,其中YY-5菌具有高效的好氧脱氮能力.对该菌株好氧脱氮过程气相和液相中可能生成的气态产物以及硝态氮等形式的含氮产物变化进行定量检测分析,探讨脱氮过程氮素的去向及其...     

亚致死剂量铜对蚯蚓P450酶和抗氧化酶活性的长期影响

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafetida)为供试生物,通过人工污染草甸棕壤的方法,研究了暴露于含有亚致死剂量Cu(100、200、300、400mg·kg-1)的土壤中8周时间内蚯蚓体内细胞色素P450含量、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化.结果显示,各指标在暴露1周时均无显著变化,但在第8周时各指标均受到显著抑制.P450含量在100mg·kg-1剂量水平下暴露2周时表现出显著的诱导效应;GST、SOD和CAT活性则均在第3周开始表现出显著的诱导效应,且SOD和CAT在100mg·kg-1剂量下即出现诱导现象,而GST则在200mg·kg-1剂量下显现诱导现象.暴露时间大于4周时,P450含量及GST活性开始表现出抑制效应,SOD及CAT活性则在暴露大于6周后显现抑制效应.以上指标对污染物的响应模式为:无显著变化→诱导→抑制.铜是蚯蚓生长的必需元素,蚯蚓自身对Cu的适应机制,以及对铜的长期摄取能危害蚯蚓正常代谢可解释上述响应模式产生的原因.但各指标在对毒性的响应敏感性上存在差异,其中,P450响应最为敏感,而SOD、CAT最不敏感.因此,在生态毒性诊断时,应选择不同指标作为一套指标体系相互补充,以增强污染诊断的灵敏性及长期诊断性.     

极低频电磁场对萌发期大豆的生物学效应

观察了50Hz.0.2mT或6.0mT的电磁场暴露对大豆的萌发过程，丙二醛（MDA）含量，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），过氧化物酶（POD），蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量以及幼苗根茎的组织形态学影响。结果表明：电磁场暴露下，大豆的开始萌发时间由32h提前到8h，萌发率到达50％的时间由72h分别提前到48h(0.2mT组）和40h(6.0mT组）；MDA含量随磁场强度的增大而下降；SOD，POD活性随磁场强度的增大而升高，而CAT活性在0.2mT暴露组下降，在6.0mT暴露组升高；蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别随磁场强度的增大升高或降低。幼苗根茎细胞的大小和形态没有明显变化。结果提示，极低频电磁场可以改变抗氧化酶的活性，减缓脂质过氧化，增强蛋白酶的活性，促进大豆的萌发过程。图4参6。