UASB系统不同高度层污泥降解五氯酚能力研究

为探讨五氯酚对不同类型的厌氧微生物的毒性影响,采用UASB反应器进行了PCP模拟污水连续流实验,采用间歇实验研究UASB反应器中不同类型污泥降解五氯酚能力的实验,揭示不同PCP浓度冲击下对系统微生物的影响及各种污泥对五氯酚的降解能力差异.结果表明,在不同的PCP冲击负荷的阶段,厌氧系统对PCP和COD的去除率均表现出先...     

氯消毒副产物的处理方法探讨

在大量分析国内外有关资料的基础上。对饮用水加氯消毒技术的发展、氯消毒副产物的形成及其控制与处理技术等进行了综述。并对一些新的消毒方法进行了探讨。     

含氯消毒剂与多类农药的反应活性研究

为了研究农药在饮用水消毒过程中的降解情况,选择了8类使用广泛或者在水源中已检测出有残留的农药,研究其与普遍使用的3种含氯消毒剂(自由氯、氯胺和二氧化氯)的反应活性.实验结果表明,在农药浓度为5μmol/L(少数除外),消毒剂与农药摩尔比为200:1,pH 6.58-6.84,温度25±3℃的条件下,自由氯与除草定、乐果、涕灭威、涕灭威亚砜和灭虫威这5种农药反应很快,在2 min内就将其完全降解,杀线威在60 min内降解了98%;一氯胺只与涕灭威、灭虫威有很高的反应活性,分别在1 min和4 min内将2种农药降解完毕;二氧化氯可以在10 min内完全降解除草定,反应120 min后对涕灭威和灭虫威的降解率分别为75%和81%.3种消毒剂与其他种类农药的反应活性都很低.因此,在使用这3种消毒剂进行饮用水消毒处理时,只能有效降解(或转化)少数种类的农药,而大多数种类的农药将可能维持其化学结构,进入供水管网.     

高氯废水中有机物污染指标CODcr测定方法研究

CODcr作为评价有机物污染的重要指标,高氯及无机还原性耗氧物质是影响CODcr测试结果准确性的主要干扰因素.提出用0.1mol/L的K2Cr2O7为氧化剂,HgSO4为掩蔽剂并辅以空白扣除法消除高氯的影响;用酸化吹气法去除S2-等无机还原物质的影响.所用方法科学准确,测定结果可靠.     

生物膜及其组分对4-氯酚的吸附速率研究

研究了４－氯酚在生物膜不同组分上的吸附速率特征．本实验中生物膜不同组分包括生长有生物膜外壳的模拟水体悬浮颗粒物(高岭土)、细菌细胞、胞外多糖、高岭土及有胞外多糖存在的高岭土５个部分．结果表明,生物膜及其不同组分均对４－氯酚发生吸附,以细菌细胞更为显著,但它们的时间动力学过程不同． 在所研究的５种吸附体系中,生长有生物膜外壳的高岭上体系较快地达到近平衡状态．并且吸附时间过程受ｐＨ值的影响．     

二氧化钛催化下的氯代二苯并-对-二恶英光解反应

本文利用中压汞灯作光源,研究了氯代二苯并-对-二恶英(CDDs,包括CDD,DCDD,PeCDD和OCDD)在二氧化钛催化下的光解反应,并讨论了二氧化钛浓度、pH值、反应温度以及取代氯原子数目等对反应速率的影响.结果表明,二氧化钛能有效地催化CDDs的光降解,在室温下,4h内DCDD,PeCDD,OCDD分别降解了87.2%,84.6%,91.2%,反应温度和二氧化钛浓度是控制该反应的主要因素.     

高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化强化低温低浊水处理

为了探讨对低温、低浊水更为有效的预氧化技术,通过小试考察了高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化工艺在助凝、助滤、去除有机物及减少氯化消毒副产物方面的效能.结果表明:与单独氯胺预氧化工艺相比,高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化具有明显的强化助凝和助滤作用,在最佳质量浓度时,可使沉后及滤后水浊度去除率分别达到94%和98%以上;并具有明显地降低沉后有机污染指标的效能,使沉后水中UV254和CODMn指标分别降低23%和32%;还能够有效地控制THMs的生成,KMnO4质量浓度为2 mg/L时,THMs去除率达85.2%,同时还可去除CHBr2Cl、CHBr3两种副产物.因此高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化是一种对低温低浊水十分有效的水处理技术.     

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol in subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide addition

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol （PCP, C6HC150）, as the probable human carcinogen, was investigated in a tubular reactor under subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide （NaOH） addition. The experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 30（0-420℃ and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa, with a residence time that ranged from 10 s to 70 s. Under the reaction conditions, the initial PCP concentrations were varied from 0.25 to 1.39 mmol/L, and the NaOH concentrations were varied from 2.5 to 25 times of the concentrations of PCP. The result of this study showed that PCP conversion in supercritical water was highly dependent on the reaction temperature, residence time, and NaOH concentration. PCP conversion in subcritical water is, however, only dependent on reaction temperature. NaOH concentration and residence times were found to have little effect on PCP conversion in subcritical condition. It was found that NaOH concentration affected the dechlorinations of PCP in the supercritical water. The intermediates detected were proposed to be tetrachlorophenol and trichlorophenol, respectively.     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soils using TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalyst

TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalysts were prepared and applied in degrading γ-hexachlorocyclohexane （γ-HCH） in soils. After being spiked with γ-HCH, soil samples loaded with the composite photocatalysts were exposed to UV-light irradiation. The results indicated that the photocatalytic activities of the composite photocatalysts varied with the content of TiO2 in the order of 10%〈70%〈50% 〈30%, Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalysts with TiO2 content 30% was higher than that of the pure P25 with the same mass of TiO2. The strong adsorption capacity of the composite photocatalysts and quantum size effect may contribute to its increased photocatalytic activities. In addition, effect of dosage of composite photocatalysts and soil pH on γ-HCH photodegradation was investigated. Pentachlorocyclohexene, trichlorocyclohexene, and dichlorobenzene were detected as photodegradation intermediates, which were gradually degraded with the photodegradation evolution.     

Effects of inorganic chlorine source on dioxin formation using fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator

Chlorine source is indispensable for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) formation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Inorganic chlorine compounds were employed in this study to investigate their effects on PCDD/F formation through heterogeneous synthesis on fly ash surfaces. A fly ash sample obtained from a fluidized bed incinerator was sieved to different size fractions which served as the PCDD/F formation sources. The capability of different metal chlorides which facilitate the formation of PCDDs/Fs was found to follow the trends: Na ＜ Mg ＜ K ＜ Al ＜ Ca, when two particle fractions of ＞177 μm and 104-125 μm were used in the experiments. However, the capability of NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl did not seem much different from each other, whereas CaCl2 and AlCl3 were much more active in PCDD/F formation. NaCl and MgCl2 were relatively effective to produce more PCDDs, while KCl, AlCl3 and CaCl2 generated more PCDFs during heterogeneous reactions occurring on fly ash. 2,3,7,8-TCDF was the most significant contributor to the toxicity of the PCDDs/Fs formed from inorganic chlorine sources. Decreasing the sizes of fly ash particles led to more active formation of PCDDs/Fs when NaCl was used as inorganic chlorine in the experiment. The highest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＜37 μm, while the lowest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＞177 μm. The toxicity generally increased with decreasing size of the fly ash particles. The formation of PCDDs was mainly facilitated by the two size fractions, 104-125 μm and ＜37 μm, while formation of PCDFs was favored by the two other size fractions, ＞177 μm and 53-104 μm.