pH平均值计算方法浅析

通过理论计算和实验对比，对五种pH平均值计算方法进行分析，表明对单一稳定体系进行多次测量的均值宜直接采用各pH测定值进行算术平均，而对于其它pH值极差较大或既有酸又有碱的样本，如天然降水，则应采用酸碱中和原理同时考虑水的电离的计算方法。     

碳酸锶生产废水的处理方法

该发明涉及一种碳酸锶生产废水的处理方法。过程为：废水用质量分数为25％～50％的H2O2溶液与质量分数为0．01％～5．00％的市售聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的水溶液澄清、再用质量分数为25％～50％的H2O2溶液脱硫、然后加入锰的彰和铁的氧化物分解。采用该发明的碳酸锶生产废水处理方法，出水中杂质含量少，可循环利用于碳酸锶生产过程的硫化锶浸取工段，对产品碳酸锶质量的改善有利；     

Photochemical degradation of nonylphenol in aqueous solution：The impact of pH and hydroxyl radical promoters

The degradation of nonylphenol (NP) in aqueous solution with UV, H₂O₂/UV, and Fenton/photo-Fenton processes was studied. The efficacy of direct and hydrogen peroxide photolysis proved to be dependent on the pH value. The addition of H₂O₂ to UV treatment improved NP degradation. The application of UV photolysis and the H₂O₂/UV system at pH 7 resulted in low pseudo first-order rate constants at 10^-4 sec^-1. In the experiments at elevated pH values the pseudo-first order rate constants increased to 10^-3 sec^-1. The efficacy of the Fenton process was lower in comparison with UV and hydrogen peroxide photolysis. The addition of UV irradiation to the H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ system substantially improved NP degradation efficacy. In terms of performance, the photo-Fenton process was similar to the H₂O₂/UV process. The most favourable process for complete nonylphenol degradation considering both operational cost and treatment efficacy was H₂O₂/UV at pH 11 and 250 mol/L H₂O₂.     

水体中亚硝酸盐的光降解

一定浓度的亚硝酸盐溶液经太阳光模拟器照射一定时间后,观测溶液中亚硝酸盐的含量变化.改变溶液条件（介质、pH）和光照条件（时间、光强）等实验条件,同时进行黑暗对照实验,探求影响亚硝酸盐光解的因素和规律.结果表明,在光照的8 h内,时间越长亚硝酸盐的降解率越大,基本符合一级反应动力学曲线;光照强度越大亚硝酸盐的降解程度越大...     

水体系中十二烷基苯磺酸钠的光化学氧化动力学研究

系统研究了在天然日光和高压汞灯照射下十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)在蒸馏水、人工海水和天然海水中的光降解情况。结果发现,SDBS的光化学氧化的速率会受到溶液介质、光源、重金属离子、光敏剂以及pH的影响。SDBS的光化学氧化反应符合一级动力学规律,其一级反应速率常数为0.0184 min-1~0.0281 min-1。SDBS在蒸馏水中的光降解速率大于在人工海水和天然海水中的光降解速率,其主要原因是蒸馏水中溶解更多的氧。天然海水中重金属离子Zn2+和Cd2+能加快SDBS的光氧化速率,光敏剂的加入也会加快SDBS的光氧化速率。此外,酸性条件下有利于SDBS的光降解。     

Parameters effect on heterogeneous photocatalysed degradation of phenol in aqueous dispersion of TiO_2

In this study, photocatalytic degradation of phenol selected as model compound of organic pollutant had been investigated in aqueous titanium dioxide (TiO2) dispersion under UV irradiation. The effects of various parameters such as pH, catalyst concentration, phenol concentration, anions, metal ions, electron acceptors, and surfactants on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol were investigated. The degradation kinetics was determined by the change in phenol concentration employing UV-Vis spectrometry as a function of irradiation time. The degradation kinetics of phenol follows pseudo first-order kinetics. The results showed a significant dependence of the photocatalytic degradation of phenol on the functional parameters. The probable promising roles of the additives on the degradation process were discussed.     

Kinetic adsorption of application of carbon nanotubes for Pb（II） removal from aqueous solution

The capability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to adsorb lead (Pb) in aqueous solution was investigated. Batch mode adsorption experiment was conducted to determine the effects of pH, agitation speed, CNTs dosage and contact time. The removal of Pb(II) was reach to maximum value 85% or 83% at pH 5 or 40 mg/L of CNTs, respectively. Higher correlation coefficients from Langmuir isotherm model indicates the strong adsorptions of Pb(II) on the surface of CNTs (adsorption capacity Xm = 102.04 mg/g). From this study, the results indicates that the highest percentage removal of Pb (96.03%) can be achieved at pH 5, 40 mg/L of CNTs, contact time 80 min, and agitation speed 50 r/min.     

改变垫水层沸点的薄层扬沸实验研究

扬沸是油池火灾的一种特殊现象,燃料和垫水层交界面的过热温度和沸腾状态是决定扬沸是否发生以及发生时间的最主要因素,过热温度由沸点决定。在垫水层中添加氯化钠能够改变垫水层的沸点,从而改变交界面的过热温度。在垫水层添加氯化钠使其成为饱和氯化钠水溶液,对此条件下的油池火燃烧进行实验探究,以验证前人关于扬沸临界条件的研究结果,并为扬沸防治提供思路。垫水层改变为饱和氯化钠溶液后,柴油实验组均没有发生扬沸,且观察到火焰温度和热辐射强度的下降。表明此方法可以有效抑制扬沸的发生。     

Biosorption of cesium（Ⅰ） from aqueous solution by a novel exopolymers secreted from Pseudomonas fluorescens C-2： Equilibrium and kinetic studies

The biosorption characteristics of Cs(I) ions from aqueous solution using exopolymers (PFC02) produced from Pseudomonas fluorescens C-2 were investigated as a function of pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time and initial concentration. pH played a major role in the adsorption process, and the optimum pH for the removal of Cs(I) was 8.0. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm of the Cs(I) ions by PFC02. The Lagergren first-order, pseudo second-order kinetic and intraparticle diffusion models were used to test the kinetic data. Langmuir model and D-R model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacities of PFC02 as obtained from Langmuir isotherm at 25°C was found to be 32.63 mg/g. From the D-R isotherm model, the mean free energy was calculated as 26.73 kJ/mol, indicating that the biosorption of cesium was chemisorption. The biosorption process was rapid, and the kinetic rates were best fitted to the pseudo second-order model, which indicated the biosorption process operated through chemisorption mechanism. FT-IR analysis of PFC02 showed the possible functional groups responsible for cesium adsorption were hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl and sulphonate groups. SEM analysis showed the porous structure of the material while EDX analysis confirmed the adsorption of Cs(I) on PFC02. Cesium adsorbed onto the PFC02 could be desorbed efficiently using 1 mol/L HNO3, and the enrichment factor was 50.0. Furthermore, PFC02 could be reused five times with only about 8.25% regeneration loss. The developed method was successfully utilized for the removal of Cs(I) ions from aqueous solution.     

Material conversion from paper sludge ash in NaOH solution to synthesize adsorbent for removal of Pb^2＋, NH^4＋ and PO4^3- from aqueous solution

Material conversion from paper sludge ash (PSA) in NaOH solution was attempted to synthesize the adsorbent for removal of inorganic pollutants, such as Pb2+, NH4 + and PO4 3?? from aqueous solution. PSA of 0.5 g was added into 10 mL of 3 mol/L NaOH solution, and then heated at 80, 120, and 160°C for 6–48 hr to obtain the product. PSA mainly composed of two crystalline phases, gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), and amorphous phase. Hydroxysodalite (Na6Al6Si6O24 8H2O) was formed at 80°C, and anorthite dissolved, whereas gehlenite remained una ected. Katoite (Ca3Al2SiO4(OH)8) was formed over 120°C, and hydroxycancrinite (Na8(OH)2Al6Si6O24 2H2O) was formed at 160°C, due to the dissolution of both gehlenite and anorthite. Specific surface areas of the products were almost same and were higher than that of raw ash. Cation exchange capacities (CECs) of the products were also higher than that of raw ash, and CEC obtained at lower temperature was higher. Removal abilities of products for Pb2+, NH4 +, and PO4 3?? were higher than that of raw ash.With increasing reaction temperature, the removal e ciencies of Pb2+ and NH4 + decreased due to the decrease of CEC of the product, while removal e ciency for PO4 3?? was almost same. The concentrations of Si and Al in the solution and the crystalline phases in the solid during the reaction explain the formation of the product phases at each temperature.