常规净水工艺重金属净化模型及健康风险研究

为研究在常规处理单元中实现浊度和重金属污染物同时达标的可能性,基于表面络合(吸附)理论及物料衡算原理建立了重金属污染物在常规净水工艺单元的去除模型,分析了工艺参数与重金属污染物出水浓度及其健康风险的关系,提出了减少健康风险的工艺调控方法及基于健康风险的净水工艺选择原则。结果表明,当原水重金属超标时,应优先选择通过合理调整常规净水工艺的投药量、改变药剂种类和配比、调整滤池滤速等工艺参数使浊度与重金属污染物同时达标的方案,若调控工艺参数不能消除出水重金属的健康风险时,要考虑设置后序深度处理单元。     

共面多氯联苯抗体的制备及其用表面等离子共振方法检测的应用研究

根据文献方法获得抗共面多氯联苯(Co-PCBs)的重组抗体的轻链、重链基因序列,并用柔性连接肽(Gly4Ser)3进行连接.然后将获得的重组抗体基因序列通过克隆、表达、纯化、复性等手段得到纯度大于95%的Co-PCBs抗体.最后将Co-PCBs抗体组装到金膜表面,制备成检测用的蛋白芯片,并应用表面等离子共振技术(SPR)对共面多氯联苯中的PCB126进行了检测.结果显示,得到的Co-PCBs抗体特异性强,而且SPR检测方法测定PCB126的检测限为5×10-4pg·L-1,达到环境中Co-PCBs的超痕量检测水平要求.整个检测过程方便快捷、样品用量少、灵敏度高,可为环境中多氯联苯的实时检测研究提供指导.     

图片介绍

迪拜是一个充满创造性的国家,一座又一座令人难以置信的建筑在这片土地上拔地而起。除了沙子和创造性外,迪拜还拥有什么丰富的资源吗？答案自然是充足的日照。格拉夫特建筑设计事务所（Graft Lab）设计的垂直村落便充分利用了这种优势。建筑表面与太阳能收集器呈特定角度。太阳能收集器位于这个多功能建筑群的南端,装有自动旋转枢轴,可让日照时间实现最大化。     

科学家发现食岩细菌可将火星变“绿色地球”

近日,研究人员称,微小的食岩细菌可以采集火星宝贵的资源,并为人类首次殖民拓展提供基础条件。但是,通过食岩细菌改造火星表面成为新地球的计划并非短暂时间内完成的。     

防静电热控材料低能质子辐照试验研究

防静电热控材料是航天器上常用的热控材料之一,其在空间环境下的性能退化是航天器设计中必须考虑的问题。对几种航天器上常用的防静电热控材料进行了低能质子辐照试验,并原位测量样品的太阳吸收率和表面电阻率,对低能质子辐照下的性能退化规律进行了初步分析。试验结果表明,在低能质子辐照下,这3种材料的太阳吸收率都有不同程度的上升,而表面电阻率则呈现下降的趋势。     

表面活性剂SDBS胶束溶液与铝盐凝聚特征研究

表面活性剂因大量被使用,成为环境水体中普遍存在的物质.其具有包裹难溶性物质而形成胶体的特点,是难溶且具有环境风险的有机物在水体中存在和转移的载体.为了对其处理过程中的行为加以控制,以阴离子表面活性剂SDBS胶束溶液为模型化合物,研究了其在不同铝盐剂量下的凝聚特征现象,针对不同pH条件下的特征比较,结合Zeta电位和表面张力分析了其作用过程及铝盐和SDBS的计量关系.结果表明,① pH在4左右时凝聚计量摩尔比C_Al:C_SDBS约为0.4,在pH为5～9范围内约为0.15.② pH在5～6范围内,体系Zeta平衡值接近零点,表面张力峰值较大.③ Al与SDBS 摩尔比增加接近3时,体系凝聚体逐渐减少.据此认为,在最佳的絮凝状态下,表面活性剂与化学凝聚药物之间存在化学计量关系.     

基于孔隙网络模型的表面活性剂去除LNAPLs作用力分析

通过多孔介质网络模型试验,并采用可视化技术研究了可溶相液体注入条件下轻质非水相污染物(Light non-aqueous phase liquids,LNAPLs)去除过程中多孔介质孔隙内毛细力和粘滞力的作用机理.实验和理论分析发现,可溶相液体去除孔隙内正十六烷在第一阶段(0～17823s)去除率为40%～50%,第二阶段(17823s之后)去除率为80%～95%,即正十六烷残余饱和度5%～20%;Triton X-100溶液可以大大降低多孔介质孔隙中LNAPLs的残余饱和度,最终正十六烷残留量为4.4%,是蒸馏水注入过程中正十六烷残留量的22.3%.蒸馏水注入过程中的毛细力比1100mg·L-1Triton X-100溶液驱替NAPLs的毛细力大1个数量级,使得该毛细数位于毛细指进区(logNCa∈10-4),多孔介质内所有滞留的NAPLs保持静止.多孔介质内NAPLs主要被驱替去除;毛细数小的蒸馏水注入条件下,更多的NAPLs滞留在孔隙内;注人液在孔隙内流动溶解了部分NAPLs,导致NAPLs残余饱和度小于孔隙内由于毛细作用滞留的NAPLs初始饱和度.     

氧化沟采用微孔曝气和表面曝气方式对脱氮的影响

本文通过对中山市污水处理有限公司净水一厂一期氧化沟所采用的表面曝气工艺和二期氧化沟系统所采用的底部微孔曝气工艺在实际运行中脱氮效果进行的比较,总结出两种曝气形式的优缺点.     

Sorption of Triton X-100 on soil organic matter fractions：Kinetics and isotherms

Kinetics and isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil,base-extracted soil(BE),humic acid (HA) and humin (HM) were investigated respectively to get better understanding on characteristics of the surfactant sorptiun onto different soil organic matters(SOMs).It was demonstrated that the kinetics results could be satisfactorily described by the pseudo-second order model.The half of the time to reach equilibrium(t1/2) for different sorbents followed the sequence of soil>HA>BE>HM.Furthermore,the calculated equilibrium sorption capacity(Ceq) was found in the sequence of HA>BE>HM>soil,which agreed well with the experimental results.The isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil and HA could be well described by the S-type isotherm,but BE and HM by the L-type.The isotherms of all the four sorbents were found reasonably fitted to the Langmuir equation.The Kd value,defined as the ratio of Triton X-100 in sorbent and in the equilibrium solution for given concentrations,generally followed the order of HM>HA>soil>BE.Separated HM and HA showed high affinity for Triton X-100,but the HA and HM in soil and BE were tightly bounded by the minerals.Thus,the HA on the soil surface might dominate the sorption,whereas the bounded HM would play a key role upon the surfactants being penetrated inside the soil.     

Effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the “soft” carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coe cient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 0.007) g/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.