超滤处理洗涤污水循环利用的中试研究

采用不同材质国产超滤膜聚丙烯（PP）、聚丙烯腈（PAN）和聚砜（PS）,进行了洗涤污水处理循环利用的现场中试研究.结合超滤工艺出水水质和膜污染分析,3种膜材质中PAN膜较优,有效去除了水中浊度、悬浮物、油脂等污染物,一定程度保留了游离阴离子表面活性剂（LAS）,长期循环洗涤对衣物的白度无不良影响.根据相关性分析,超滤出水较高COD值很大程度上是由水中LAS引起的.超滤膜对细菌、大肠菌群的去除率较低,出水通过紫外消毒,当紫外线密度≥3?750 J/m²时,微生物水平能够达到国家饮用水水质标准.根据不同水力反冲洗条件下膜渗透通量和净产水量比较,PAN膜最佳水力反冲洗条件为0.5 h反冲洗2 min.长期运行时超滤膜化学清洗方法采用碱洗法方便有效.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器污泥性状研究

采用厌氧-好氧运行方式的颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）,连续运行近120　d表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化能力.对GMBR中污泥粒径分布变化研究表明,GMBR中污泥浓度的增加主要是由于粒径0.18～0.45　mm的小颗粒污泥及小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥的增加造成的,粒径大于0.45　mm的颗粒污泥能够基本稳定维持其颗粒形态,反应器运行末期,GMBR中颗粒污泥（粒径大于0.18　mm的污泥）含量稳定在污泥总量的60％～65％以上.污泥表面电荷量随着污泥组成形态的变化电负性逐渐增加,80　d后稳定在-0.42～-0.80　meq·g^-1之间.污泥表面电荷的负电性增加主要是由小于0.45　mm的污泥造成的,其中小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥对其影响最大.并且,污泥粒径越大污泥表面负电荷量越少,两者具有较好的线性关系.另外,GMBR中SVI稳定在60～90 mL/g之间,并且随着污泥表面电荷负电性的增加污泥SVI值增加,两者之间具有一定的相关性.     

模拟可见光下土壤表面石油的光化学降解研究

在模拟可见光照射下,分析了土壤中的初始含油量、土壤类型和土壤pH值对石油在土壤表面光降解过程的影响,并利用紫外-可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)、气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)等方法对石油在光降解过程中的演变规律进行研究.结果表明,石油在土壤表面上的光化学降解行为符合准一级反应动力学,实验测得石油的光解速率常数为0.002 6～0.017 2 h^-1,半衰期为40～267 h.GC-FID分析结果表明,在光降解50 h后,石油的饱和烃组分中高碳数的烷烃相对含量降低,低碳数的烷烃相对含量提高;芳香烃组分的大部分色谱峰有明显地降低或消失.红外光谱分析发现,光照60 h后土壤萃取液中可能产生了羰基类化合物,说明石油在光降解过程中逐渐发生氧化.     

Non-UV based germicidal activity of metal-doped TiO2 coating on solid surfaces

A stain-based screening method was developed to screen different catalyst coatings for their germicidal activity. A Baclight dead/live bacteria viability kit （invitrogen, molecular probes） was used for staining the cell. The screening was carried out following a standard procedure. This included loading cell suspension to solid surface and maintaining contact for 30 min, then staining with a mixture containing dyes. The stained cells were observed using an epifluorescent microscope and photographed with a CCD camera under UV. Metal-doped TiO2 coatings on AI plates were prepared and tested for non-UV germicidal activity without using UV. It was tested using model microorganisms such as Bakers Yeast （Saccharomyces cerevisiae）, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Escherichia coli. On the basis of the germicidal activity of catalyst and the degree of damage caused to the cells, the stained cells may appear green （viable）, green with red or yellow nuclei and yellow （compromised） or red （nonviable）. According to their stained color, cells were counted to calculate the percentage of dead, live, and compromised cells. Compromised cells are cells that grow very slowly after reculturing indicating a degree of reversible cell damage. Screening the germicidal activity using this staining method is accurate and efficient, and requires less time than the culture-based method. A modification to the procedure for measuring germicidal activity of rough surfaces or fibrous coatings was developed. Both TiO2 and metal-doped TiO2 （Ag, Pt, Au, Cu） possess non-UV based germicidal activity. The germicidal activity of TiO2 was found to be related with its wetting property and can be improved by UV irradiation before testing. It is not greatly affected by contact time, indicating a fast acting germicidal activity.     

酿酒酵母吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的表面特性研究

为深入探讨酿酒酵母吸附Pb（Ⅱ）的微观作用机制,本文利用表面显微分析技术（SEM-EDS、TEM-EDS、AFM）研究了酿酒酵母细胞吸附重金属离子Pb（Ⅱ）前后的细胞表面变化.研究结果表明,酿酒酵母细胞与Pb（Ⅱ）作用后,细胞表面除吸附Pb（Ⅱ）外,同时产生大量更高浓度的含Pb（Ⅱ）沉淀,导致Pb（Ⅱ）从溶液中被去除.酵母与Pb（Ⅱ）反应前,酵母细胞表面可检测到的主要元素包括C、O、N、P、S、K、Mg;酵母与Pb（Ⅱ）作用后,细胞表面始终保持C、O、P吸收峰,而N、K、Mg、S吸收峰随反应条件不同而减弱、消失或增强.P作为细胞表面组分可能与Pb（Ⅱ）结合.酵母与Pb（Ⅱ）作用过程中,重金属离子促进酵母细胞释放细胞内含物.原子力显微镜（AFM）证实,云母片表面对酵母吸附Pb（Ⅱ）后细胞的铺展变形作用明显增大.     

电袋复合除尘技术在燃煤电厂中的应用

电袋复合式除尘技术综合了电除尘和布袋除尘的收尘优点,通过除尘负荷的合理分配,实现了电除尘和布袋除尘的有机结合;采用基于表面过滤原理的新型滤料,可克服常规滤料清灰后除尘效率降低及滤袋易破损等缺点。电袋复合式除尘器在徐州坝山环保热电有限公司的应用实践表明,电袋复合式除尘器可保持高效稳定除尘同时节能,粉尘排放浓度达到了30 ...     

Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal e ciency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal e ciencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal e ciencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal e ciency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.     

Adsorptive property of Cu^2＋-loaded montmorillonite clays for Escherichia coli K_（88） in vitro

The Cu²⁺-loaded montmorillonite clays (MMT-Cu) may be a good material for the adsorbed and eliminated pathogenic bacteria from aqueous solution.     

Reversibly enhanced aqueous solubilization of volatile organic compounds using a redox-reversible surfactant

Surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) is an effective method for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated soils and groundwater. To reuse the surfactant the VOCs must be separated from the surfactant solutions. The water solubility of VOCs can be enhanced using reversible surfactants with a redox-acive group, (ferrocenylmethyl)dodecyldimethylammonium bromide (Fcl2) and (ferrocenylmethyl)tetradecanedimethylammonium bromide (Fcl4), above and below their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) under reducing (I⁺) and oxidative (I²⁺) conditions. The CMC values of Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ are 0.94 and 0.56 mmol/L and the solubilization of toluene by Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ for toluene is higher than the solubilization achieved with sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Trition X-114. The solubilization capacity of the ferrocenyl surfactants for each tested VOCs ranked as follows: ethylbenzene > toluene > benzene. The solubilities of VOCs by reversible surfactant in I⁺ were 30% higher than those in I²⁺ at comparable surfactant concentrations. The effects of Fcl4 concentrations on VOCs removal efficiency were as follows: benzene > toluene > ethylbenzene. However, an improved removal efficiency was achieved at low ferrocenyl surfactant concentrations. Furthermore, the reversible surfactant could be recycled through chemical approaches to remove organic pollutants, which could significantly reduce the operating costs of SER technology.     

一株产生物表面活性剂菌株的筛选

从被长期受石油污染的特定环境中取样,经富集培养和平板法筛选得到9株乳化性能较好的菌株.采用排油圈法对这9株菌进行表成活性测定,其中菌株SF-6表面活性最强,通过形态观察和部分生理生化试验初步鉴定该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Aeruginosa),其所产生物表面活性物质初步鉴定为鼠李糖脂.