基于GTWR-XGBoost模型的四川省PM2.5小时浓度估算

卫星气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和气象数据已被广泛用于估算空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的地表颗粒物(PM_2.5)浓度.研究高时间分辨率、高精度的PM_2.5浓度估算方法,对及时准确的空气质量预报和大气污染的预防及缓解具有重要意义.使用Himawari-8 AOD小时产品和ERA5气象再分析资料作为估算变量,提出GTWR-XGBoost组合模型,对四川省PM_2.5小时浓度进行估算.结果表明：(1)提出的组合模型运用于全数据集的性能优于KNN、 RF、 AdaBoost、 GTWR、 GTWR-KNN、 GTWR-RF和GTWR-AdaBoost模型,拟合精度指标R²、 MAE和RMSE分别为0.96、 3.43μg·m^-3和5.52μg·m^-3,验证精度指标R²、 MAE和RMSE分别为0.9、 4.98μg·m^-3和7.92μg·m^-3.(2)该模型作用于PM_2.5浓度小时估算...     

地气解耦的Himawari-8卫星PM2.5浓度估算深度神经网络方法

现阶段大气PM_2.5遥感反演方法大多数都基于卫星气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）产品,这些产品通常是从表观反射率（top-of-atmosphere reflectance,TOA）中反演而来.直接建立TOA产品和地面站点监测的PM_2.5浓度间的反演模型能够有效降低由AOD反演所带来的误差传递,但是现阶段反演PM_2.5所用到的TOA同时耦合了地表反射率和大气贡献值,想要进一步提升反演精度则需要设法将二者分离.基于此,本文利用Himawari-8（H8）卫星数据,由6S模型进行大气校正,继而统计得到H8前6个波段之间的地表反射率关系式,再运用卫星第六波段表观反射率与地表反射率接近的特性,估算得到前5个波段的地表反射率,并扣除地表反射率得到大气贡献值,以此来达到地气解耦的目的.随后,本文基于深度神经网络构建了PM_2.5、大气贡献值、卫星亮温数据、观测角等之间的关系.以安徽省为例,反演结果表明,与不考虑地气解耦的TOA-PM_2.5方法相比,本文提出的ATM-PM_2.5方法精度更高,在未参与训练的验证站点上,ATM-PM_2.5的R²和RMSE值为0.87和13.77 μg·m^-3,相对于未经过地气解耦的TOA-PM_2.5,R²提高了20%,RMSE值降低了5.24 μg·m^-3.另外,利用H8卫星时间分辨率较高的特点,本文对安徽省域范围内进行了逐小时的PM_2.5监测,显示本文方法有潜力为PM_2.5实时监测提供数据支撑.     

维生素B12对厌氧污泥还原降解8:2FTOH的影响

研究了投加生物催化剂维生素B₁₂（VB₁₂）对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2氟调聚醇（8：2FTOH）的影响.结果表明,投加VB₁₂能够改变厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH的动力学特性并增加其最终去除率,但投加量存在上下限：当VB₁₂投加量≤1mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量无显著增加;当VB₁₂投加量≥5mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量也不再持续增加.投加所有剂量的VB₁₂均可显著增加8：2FTOH的最终脱氟率.投加VB₁₂对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH去除率和脱氟率的影响并不一致.此外,投加较高浓度的VB₁₂可以抑制厌氧污泥还原降解8：2FTOH过程中多氟代化合物等中间降解产物的积累,提高全氟代化合物等终态降解产物的产率,同时有利于增加8：2FTOH的矿化脱氟率,但却导致了更低的总物质的量回收率.     

[C8mim]Cl对HepG2细胞凋亡和内质网应激通路的影响

为研究离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑（[C₈mim]Cl）是否通过内质网应激（ERS）通路诱导细胞凋亡,在MTT法检测细胞活力的基础上,用0,50,100,200μmol/L[C₈mim]Cl处理HepG2细胞24h后,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,western blot检测ERS通路相关蛋白表达.结果显示：[C₈mim]Cl处理后HepG2细胞凋亡呈浓度依赖性增高.ERS相关蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、磷酸化RNA依赖的蛋白激酶样内质网激酶（p-PERK）、磷酸化真核起始因子2α（p-eIF2α）、磷酸化肌醇需求酶-1（p-IRE1）、激活转录因子4（ATF4）和ATF6显著上调.[C₈mim]Cl还显著诱导了C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶4（caspase 4）蛋白表达,促进了caspase 9和caspase 3活性升高.因此,[C₈mim]Cl可通过ERS通路诱导HepG2细胞凋亡.     

南京市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中硝基多环芳烃污染特征与风险评估

硝基多环芳烃是大气细颗粒物中具有致癌效应的一类重要污染物,为探明硝基多环芳烃污染特征与来源,采集南京市14个大气细颗粒样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定硝基多环芳烃浓度,进行分布特征分析,来源识别和健康风险评估.结果表明,南京市大气细颗粒物中2,8-二硝基二苯并噻吩（743 pg·m^-3）、2,7-二硝基芴（331 pg·m^-3）、9-硝基蒽（326 pg·m^-3）、3-硝基荧蒽（217 pg·m^-3）和1,8-二硝基芘（193 pg·m^-3）为主要的硝基多环芳烃;硝基多环芳烃检出浓度具有明显的季节变化,冬季最高（3082 pg·m^-3）,秋季其次（1553 pg·m^-3）,春季最低（1218 pg·m^-3）.南京市大气细颗粒物中硝基多环芳烃主要来自多环芳烃大气光氧化反应与生物质燃烧,二次生成是硝基多环芳烃的重要来源.当前南京PM_2.5中硝基多环芳烃的致癌风险可控,二硝基多环芳烃是致癌风险的主要来源.     

Effect of hybridization with genome exclusion on extinction risk

Human‐induced habitat changes may lead to the breakdown of reproductive barriers between distantly related species. This phenomenon may result in fertile first‐generation hybrids (F₁) that exclude the genome of one parental species during gametogenesis, thus disabling introgression. The species extinction risk associated with hybridization with genome exclusion is largely underappreciated because the phenomenon produces only F₁ hybrid phenotype, leading to the misconception that hybrids are sterile and potentially of minor conservation concern. We used a simulation model that integrates the main genetic, demographic, and ecological processes to examine the dynamics of hybridization with genome exclusion. We showed that this mode of hybridization may lead to extremely rapid extinction when the process of genome exclusion is unbalanced between the interbreeding species and when the hybridization rate is not negligible. The coexistence of parental species was possible in some cases of asymmetrical genome exclusion, but show this equilibrium was highly vulnerable to environmental variation. Expanding the exclusive habitat of the species at risk allowed its persistence. Our results highlight the extent of possible extinction risk due to hybridization with genome exclusion and suggest habitat management as a promising conservation strategy. In anticipation of serious threats to biodiversity due to hybridization with genome exclusion, we recommend a detailed assessment of the reproductive status of hybrids in conservation programs. We suggest such assessments include the inspection of genetic content in hybrid gametes.     

Wrestling with the complexity of evaluation for organizations at the boundary of science,policy, and practice

Boundary organizations are situated between science, policy, and practice and have a goal of supporting communication and collaboration among these sectors. They have been promoted as a way to improve the effectiveness of conservation efforts by building stronger relationships between scientists, policy makers, industry, and practitioners (Cook et al. 2013). Although their promise has been discussed in theory, the work of and expectations for boundary organizations are less defined in practice. Biodiversity conservation is characterized by complexity, uncertainty, dissent, and tight budgets, so boundary organizations face the challenging task of demonstrating their value to diverse stakeholders. We examined the challenges boundary organizations face when seeking to evaluate their work and thus aimed to encourage more productive conversations about evaluation of boundary organizations and their projects. Although no off‐the‐shelf solution is available for a given boundary organization, we identified 4 principles that will support effective evaluation for boundary organizations: engage diverse stakeholders, support learning and reflection, assess contribution to change, and align evaluation with assumption and values.     

Managing conflicts between economic activities and threatened migratory marine species toward creating a multiobjective blue economy

Harnessing the economic potential of the oceans is key to combating poverty, enhancing food security, and strengthening economies. But the concomitant risk of intensified resource extraction to migratory species is worrying given these species contribute to important ecological processes, often underpin alternative livelihoods, and are mostly already threatened. We thus sought to quantify the potential conflict between key economic activities (5 fisheries and hydrocarbon exploitation) and sea turtle migration corridors in a region with rapid economic development: southern and eastern Africa. We satellite tracked the movement of 20 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and 14 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles during their postnesting migrations. We used movement‐based kernel density estimation to identify migration corridors for each species. We overlaid these corridors on maps of the distribution and intensity of economic activities, quantified the extent of overlap and threat posed by each activity on each species, and compared the effects of activities. These results were compared with annual bycatch rates in the respective fisheries. Both species’ 3 corridors overlapped most with longline fishing, but the effect was worse for leatherbacks: their bycatch rates of approximately 1500/year were substantial relative to the regional population size of <100 nesting females/annum. This bycatch rate is likely slowing population growth. Artisanal fisheries may be of greater concern for loggerheads than for leatherbacks, but the population appears to be withstanding the high bycatch rates because it is increasing exponentially. The hydrocarbon industry currently has a moderately low impact on both species, but mining in key areas (e.g., Southern Mozambique) may undermine >50 years of conservation, potentially affecting >80% of loggerheads, 33% of the (critically endangered) leatherbacks, and their nesting beaches. We support establishing blue economies (i.e., generating wealth from the ocean), but oceans need to be carefully zoned and responsibly managed in both space and time to achieve economic (resource extraction), ecological (conservation, maintenance of processes), and social (maintenance of alternative livelihood opportunities, alleviate poverty) objectives.     

丝瓜瓤固定化脱色菌Enterobactor sp.S8 对活性黑5的脱色

利用植物载体丝瓜瓤对肠杆菌(Enterobactor sp.S8)进行固定,并对活性黑5进行脱色研究.探讨了固定化菌体的菌龄、菌量、pH、温度对染料脱色的影响.研究了该固定化菌体的重复利用和动力学实验.结果表明,最佳脱色条件为:菌龄3d、接菌量2％、温度30℃、pH 6.0.该固定化菌体对不同初始浓度活性黑5的脱色符合二级反应动力学方程.经9次重复利用后的该固定化菌体,其脱色率仍达76.8％.在优化实验条件下,根据降解3d前后的紫外-可见光谱图分析可知,活性黑5并非完全被降解为CO2和H2O,而是生成一些小分子有机中间体.