Influence of chlorsulfuron herbicide on size of microbial biomass in the soil

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Methods for project-based mechanisms (JI/CDM)—relevance of IPCC inventory guidelines

A baseline for a project consists of estimates of annual emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) for a given time period without implementing the project. A general three-step process for determining the baseline is suggested. The emission reduction of the project is given by the difference between the baseline and the monitored annual emissions. A preferred method, direct measurement of the emission reduction, is possible for some types of projects. Methods for estimating the annual baseline emissions are not necessary for the latter category, and a definition of this project category is suggested. IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories categorise the emission sources so that only direct emissions from consumption of fuel and feedstock are calculated. There are thus no emission factors for indirect emissions (e.g. electricity consumption or km transported) or emission factors that depend on technology only, independent of consumption of fuel and feedstock. Technology-dependent emission factors may thus need to be developed for estimating indirect emissions and multi-project baselines. Consistency should be sought with the IPCC Guidelines when estimating annual baseline emissions and in monitoring project emissions to ensure comparability with the National Inventories.     

上海市大气中NMHC,NOx,O3和SO2变化规律

通过对上海市大气中光化学主要污染物如ＮＭＨＣ、ＮＯｘ、Ｏ３及ＳＯ２等的日变化监测，发现ＮＯｘ、Ｏ３的日浓度变化与气象条件密切相关，高浓度Ｏ３多出现在晴朗少云，气温较高的大气条件下同步监测发现，Ｏ３与ＮＯｘ呈负相关，相关系数ｒ＝－０．７８５；ｄｍｊ ＳＯ２ｇｎ ＮＭＨＣｅ ｔｖｅ ｖｂ ｒ ｇｈｄ ｓｈ ｕｄ ，ｓｈ ｕｄ ｔｘｉ ｏｖｔ ｒ＝     

Enhanced cyanogen chloride formation after UV/PS and UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation and chlorination in natural river water

Ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) and Ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂) have attracted much attention in recent years as advanced oxidation processes for water treatment. However, it is not all clear how these two methods affect the formation of cyanogen chloride (CNCl) in the subsequent water chlorination process. In this study, it was found that both UV/H₂O₂ and UV/PS pre-oxidation promoted the formation of CNCl in six actual water samples collected from urban rivers. Glycine, uric acid, arginine and histidine were investigated as the model compounds to explore the effects of different methods on the production of CNCl. The results showed that compared with chlorination alone, pre-oxidation by UV/H₂O₂ and UV/PS can reduce the production of CNCl for glycine and uric acid by up to 95% during post-chlorination process. However, they can greatly promote the formation of CNCl for arginine and histidine by up to 120-fold. In a more detailed investigation, pre-oxidation of histidine formed highly reactive intermediates to chlorine, leading to increased CNCl formation and chlorine consumption. The results showed that the precursors of CNCl was altered after pre-oxidation, and need to be re-evaluated.     

水稻烤田期间N2O排放及其影响因素

水稻田间实验研究了烤田期间的土壤温度、Eh、含水量和裂缝基本性质,矿质态氮以及与氮有关的酶活性的演变规律,及其对N2O排放的影响.试验表明,在水稻分蘖期间烤田,N2O有一个排放高峰,其最高值可达75.6μg·m-2·h-1.在排放高峰后,即使继续烤田,N2O的排放值也将降低.N2O排放与尿素氮肥的施用量没有明显关系.裂缝的生成,改变了N2O的日排放规律.随着烤田时间的延长,脲酶和羟胺还原酶活性呈波动变化,硝酸还原酶活性递减,亚硝酸还原酶活性极低.硝酸还原酶活性与N2O排放之间没有显著相关性.土壤中的脲酶活性与N2O日排放通量呈显著的线性正相关.在烤田期间,NO-3含量呈增加趋势.土壤中的硝态氮含量与N2O排放通量之间呈显著正线性关系.土壤中的铵态氮含量与N2O排放通量之间呈显著负线性相关.     

上海市在用车推行I/M制度中检测方法的研究

对在用车实施I/M制度，采用底盘测功机模拟道路工况检测汽车排放污染物，按美国国家环保局（EPA）推荐的方法有3种：瞬态短工总法（IM240）、稳态加速模拟工况法（ASM）和瞬态短工部简易质量分析检测法（VMAS）。根据上海市的试验结果，对上述3种方法的检测精度、设备投资以及运行维护诸方面进行分析比较，阐明上海市采用VMAS方法的依据和应注意的问题，并对应采用的模拟道路工况提出了看法。     

铁屑/焦炭/H_2O_2法预处理焦化废水的试验研究

采用铁屑/焦炭/H2O2法对焦化废水进行处理,通过单因素试验法考察了铁炭比、铁炭用量、H2O2用量、废水pH以及反应时间对处理效果的影响,并确定了最适工艺条件。结果表明,铁屑/焦炭/H2O2法与常规的铁屑内电解法相比,可显著提高焦化废水的预处理效果,并缩短反应时间。铁屑/焦炭/H2O2法处理焦化废水的最适条件为:铁炭比为4,铁炭用量为300mg/L铁屑+75mg/L焦炭,H2O2用量为1000mg/L,pH为3,反应时间20min。在此条件下,COD、色度、NH3-N和CN-的去除效率分别可达61.2%、74.0%、56.2%和74.3%,B/C比由处理前的0.189提高到0.387,处理水可生化性良好。铁屑/焦炭/H2O2可作为焦化废水的一种有效的预处理方法。     

A／O-化学除磷工艺中DMBR动态膜成膜条件研究

根据动态膜原理，将0．1mm孔径无纺布为膜材的动态膜反应器（Dynamic Membrane BioReactor，DMBR）应用于A／O-化学除磷工艺之中，在动态膜反应器内完成泥水分离。试验测试了曝气强度、初始膜通量和污泥浓度对动态膜成膜的影响。结果表明，曝气强度和初始膜通量是影响成膜的关键性参数。当曝气强度≥60m^3／m^2·h或初始膜通量≥70L／m^2·h，2h内均不能形成截留性能良好的动态膜。在VSS／SS较低的污泥系统中，适宜的成膜条件为：曝气强度≤40m^3／m^2·h；初始膜通量≤40L/m^2·h。     

Au/ZnO催化剂的表征及常温常湿 条件下CO氧化性能研究

常温下考察了焙烧温度、金含量及水分对Au/ZnO催化剂上CO氧化性能的影响 ,并在常湿条件下考察了ZnO上CO氧化活性同温度的关系。结果表明 ,金的存在极大地提高了催化剂CO的氧化活性。另外焙烧温度和金含量对Au/ZnO催化剂的活性和稳定性均有较大影响 ,在常温常湿条件下 ,2 4 0℃焙烧的 2 %Au/ZnO催化剂 ,可连续反应 1 750h保持CO完全转化。XRD结果表明 ,锌的化学状态对催化剂的稳定性有较大的影响 ,氧化锌较碳酸锌表现出较高的稳定性。     

产酸脱硫反应器中COD/SO_4~(2-)比制约的群落生态演替规律

通过产酸脱硫反应器的动态试验和配套的静态试验 ,考察致变因子COD/SO2 - 4比制约的乙酸型顶极群落的结构、优势种群的组成和生态演替的规律 ;阐明乙酸型代谢和乙酸型顶极群落是产酸脱硫生态系统的典型特征 ;揭示乙酸型顶极群落内平衡与反馈调节的生理代谢机制 ,并以因变因子 pH值、氧化还原电位和碱度来表征生态演替过程中优势种群的三维实现生态位