昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N2O排放通量,研究昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明,增温没有改变大豆田土壤N2O排放通量的季节性变化规律.整个生长季,与对照相比,增温土壤N2O平均排放通量增加了17.31%(P=0.019),累积排放量显著增加了20.27%(P=0.005).对照与增温处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温湿度均呈显著性相关关系,对照与增温土壤的N2O排放温度敏感系数分别为3.75和4.10.整个生育期,增温显著增加了植株地上和总生物量、叶片硝酸还原酶活性和全氮含量,显著降低了叶片NO3--N含量;显著增加了土壤NO3--N含量,但对土壤有机碳及全氮含量没有显著影响.本研究表明,昼夜增温显著增加了大豆田土壤N2O的排放.     

水稻土裂缝的生成对N2O释放的影响

通过土柱试验模拟了3种水稻土从淹水到日渐变干过程中的N2O日变化和时变化规律.相同质地的粉质黏壤土青紫泥和黄斑田有相似的N2O日释放规律,区别于粉质壤土的小粉土.24h内开裂土壤青紫泥和黄斑田的释放高峰分别在14:00和凌晨2:00,未开裂的小粉土释放高峰仅在凌晨2:00.裂缝的产生使N2O释放高峰提前出现.在培养过程中开裂的青紫泥和黄斑田的N2O日排放通量与含水量之间存在显著的指数关系,而未开裂的小粉土则未呈现明显相关关系.在裂缝产生过程中,裂缝的平均体积与N2O日排放通量之间存在极显著的乘幂关系.裂缝的平均面积与N2O日排放通量存在显著的乘幂关系,裂缝的平均深度与N2O日排放通量之间呈显著的线性关系.     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N_2O排放量估算:模型建立

我国水稻生产中往往采用多种水分管理方式,如持续淹水、淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉等. 水分管理方式的不同会引起水稻生长季N2O排放的显著变化. 本研究收集和整理了2005年以前17篇国内外文献报道的有关我国稻田N2O季节排放通量的71组田间原位测定资料,每组资料包括稻田氮肥施用的种类和施用量、水分管理方式、N2O季节排放量等数据,旨在建立不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O直接排放量的估算模型. 分析结果表明,持续淹水稻田N2O季节排放量与施氮量无明显相关关系,在淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,两者呈极显著线性正相关关系. 持续淹水稻田N2O季节排放总量相当于施氮量的0.02%. 基于普通最小二乘法(OLS)分析技术建立的线性回归模型估算结果表明,淹水-烤田-淹水的水分管理方式下稻田肥料氮的N2O排放系数为0.42%,但N2O季节背景排放量不显著. 在淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,水稻生长季肥料N的N2O排放系数和N2O-N背景排放量分别为0.73%和0.79 kg·hm-2. 残差分析和效能分析显示模型具有较好的适切性. 综合3种水分管理方式,我国稻田水稻生长季N的N2O排放系数和N2O-N背景排放量平均分别为0.54%和0.43 kg·hm-2. 相对于旱作农田而言,水稻生长季肥料N的N2O排放系数较低,意味着水稻生产较旱地作物可能更有利于减缓我国农业N2O排放. 本研究建立的模型可以用于我国稻田水稻生长季N2O直接排放量的估算.     

不同施氮处理下旱作农田土壤CH_4、N_2O气体排放特征研究

依托甘肃农业大学布设在定西市李家堡镇的长期施氮定位实验,对不同施氮农田CH4和N2O气体通量,采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行小麦生育期的连续观测,并对影响通量变化的环境因子同期观测.结果表明:5个施氮处理下(0、52.5、105、157.5、210 kg·hm-2),旱作农田土壤在小麦全生育期内表现为CH4累积通量的汇和N2O累积通量的源;且不施氮处理时,CH4累积吸收通量最大;施氮量为210 kg·hm-2时,土壤CH4的累积吸收通量所受抑制最大,即土壤CH4累积吸收通量随施氮量升高而降低.相反,不施氮处理时,土壤N2O的累积排放通量最小,施氮量为210 kg·hm-2时,土壤N2O的累积排放通量最大,土壤N2O累积排放通量随施氮量的增加而增大.综合分析,施氮量增大会抑制全生育期旱作春小麦田土壤CH4吸收通量,提高土壤N2O的排放通量.因此,合理控制施氮量有利于生育期旱作农田土壤减排.CH4平均吸收通量随土壤温度的升高而降低,随土壤水分的升高而升高;相反,N2O平均排放通量随土壤温度的升高而升高,随土壤水分的升高而降低.5~10 cm层次的土壤温度与CH4平均吸收通量呈极显著线性负相关,与N2O平均排放通量呈显著正相关.5~10 cm层次的土壤水分与CH4平均吸收通量呈极显著线性正相关,与N2O平均排放通量呈显著负相关.     

氮素调控对冻融过程中土壤N2O排放的影响

应用室内冰柜模拟冻融过程,研究了不同氮素形态(铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮)和浓度(40、200和800 mg/L)对潮土N2O排放通量的影响.结果表明,随土壤冻结时间的延长N2O排放通量缓慢降低,土壤融化初期出现一个土壤N2O排放通量高峰,而后随土壤逐渐融化的进行N2O排放通量缓慢升高.3种氮素浓度条件下,铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮冻融过程中土壤平均N2O排放通量分别为119.01、205.28、693.95μg.(m2.h)-1,611.61、1 084.40、1 820.02μg.(m2.h)-1和148.22、106.13、49.74μg.(m2.h)-1,而对照处理仅为100.35μg.(m2.h)-1.随氮素浓度的增加,铵态氮、硝态氮源土壤N2O累积排放通量分别比对照增加17.49%、40.09%、425.67%和563.38%、915.28%、1458.6%,且施加的浓度越高累积排放量越大,但达到稳定N2O排放通量的时间向后推移.随浓度增加酰胺态氮处理土壤N2O排放通量随浓度增加而降低.建议潮土越冬水中铵态氮和硝态氮浓度应分别小于200 mg/L和40 mg/L,酰胺态氮的浓度不限,从而减少土壤N2O的排放.     

冬水田转稻麦轮作对小麦生长季温室气体排放的影响

用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定了川中丘陵地区典型冬水田(RF)及冬水田转稻麦轮作处理(RW)在小麦生长季的温室气体排放通量,并同步测定了土壤温度、水分和可溶态碳氮含量.结果表明,RW在小麦生长季的CH4、生态系统呼吸CO2和N2O平均排放通量分别为0.05、117.01 mg·m-2·h-1(以C计)和77.19μg·m-2·h-1(以N计),而RF相应通量分别为1.43、7.85 mg·m-2·h-1和-0.61μg·m-2·h-1.RW施氮肥后出现N2O的排放峰,其N2O直接排放系数为1.28%.土壤可溶态有机碳含量与CO2通量之间呈显著正相关关系(r=0.342,p0.01),与CH4、N2O的相关关系不显著;硝态氮、可溶态总氮含量与N2O通量的关系为显著正相关,但与CH4通量呈显著负相关.RF的综合增温潜势(以CO2-eq计,下同)为3.03 Mg·hm-2,大于RW(-1.66 Mg·hm-2),暗示冬水田转稻麦轮作会降低生态系统的综合增温效应.     

氮肥和磷肥对稻田N2O排放的影响

通过模拟南方稻田施用不同量的氮肥和磷肥的实验来探讨N和P对稻田释放N2O的影响.结果表明,水稻田N2O排放通量的较大值主要出现在3次烤田期;氮肥和磷肥对土壤中产生N2O的贡献主要在水稻生长中后期,从第1次烤田起(移栽后34d),氮肥和磷肥都表现为对N2O排放有促进作用;而低氮对N2O排放的刺激作用没有高氮的作用明显,且N2处理(180kg/hm2)、N1处理(90kg/hm2)和N0处理(没有施肥)之间的平均N2O排放差异不显著.在水稻生长中后期(第1次烤田后),N3处理(270kg/hm2)和N4处理(360kg/hm2)的较高水平的氮肥加入能强烈刺激N2O排放.     

有机无机配施下西北旱区麦田土壤N2O的排放特征及微生物特性

有机无机配施可为作物提供长效持续的营养物质来源,研究旱地农田有机无机配施带来的环境效应和土壤酶活性及微生物特性,对减少化肥面源污染,改善生态环境有重要意义.本试验以3个梯度氮水平(NO、N1、N2):0、150、300 kg·hm-2为主处理,单施化肥和有机无机配施(+M)为副处理,有机肥施用量为30 t·hm-2;测定了小麦生长季的温室气体N2O排放通量和土壤酶活性,硝态氮及铵态氮含量和土壤物理性质.结果表明,土壤N2O排放通量最高的为N2+M处理,排放通量达到0.190 4 mg·(m2·h)-1,N2+M处理较NO累计排放量提高了 255％;N2和N2+M处理N2O的排放通量和增温潜势高于N1和N1+M处理,而产量低于N1和N1+M处理;微生物量碳氮以N2+M处理分蘖期最多,分别为346.31 mg·kg-1和33.36 mg·kg-1;N2+M处理的土壤酶活性较高,其次是N2处理,NO和NO+M处理土壤酶活性较低;通径分析表明,铵态氮(NH4+-N)、土壤磷酸酶(AKP)和微生物量氮(MBN)对N2O排放通量的直接影响较大,其他间接影响较小可不予以考虑.研究旱地麦田有机无机配施的环境效益,与多方面因素相关,合理地配施有机肥可以平衡产量与土壤环境的综合效益.     

生物质炭对华北平原4种典型土壤N2O排放的影响

生物质炭作为一种新型的土壤改良剂,在降低土壤温室气体排放方面发挥着重要作用.为明确生物质炭对冬小麦苗期土壤N_2O排放的影响,以华北平原的4种典型土壤(水稻土、砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土)为研究对象,进行田间试验,设置了4个处理:对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施生物质炭(BC)和化肥与生物质炭配施(NPK+BC).结果表明,单施化肥显著增加了4种土壤N_2O排放,与对照相比,水稻土、砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土N_2O排放分别增加了314%、116%、240%和282%.添加生物质炭对华北平原4种土壤N_2O排放影响存在差异,与CK相比,单施生物质炭水稻土、褐土N_2O排放显著增加了72. 4%和50. 9%,而砂姜黑土和潮土BC与CK处理无显著差异.与NPK相比,生物质炭与化肥配施显著降低了4种土壤N_2O排放.添加生物质炭提高了4种土壤pH,其中,初始pH最低的水稻土,受生物质炭影响较显著,施肥则降低了4种土壤pH.砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土施肥处理N_2O排放通量均与铵态氮含量呈显著正相关,水稻土和砂姜黑土单施生物质炭处理N_2O排放通量与硝态氮含量呈显著正相关.     

施氮强度对不同土壤有机碳水平桉树林温室气体通量的影响

施氮或氮沉降对土壤温室气体通量影响已有比较深入的研究,但施氮对不同有机碳水平的土壤温室气体通量影响及其差异的研究较少.本研究以我国南方广泛种植的桉树人工林为对象,采用野外控制实验和室内分析,比较研究4种施氮处理(对照C:0 kg·hm-2;低氮L:84.2 kg·hm-2;中氮M:166.8 kg·hm-2;高氮H:333.7 kg·hm-2)对土壤有机碳水平存在显著性差异的2块桉树林样地土壤-大气界面温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)通量的影响.结果表明:1施氮对CO2和N2O排放通量有明显"激发效应",氮肥施用一个月后各个施氮处理土壤CO2和N2O排放通量出现最大值,随着时间推移至生长季后期CO2和N2O排放通量逐渐降低,差异逐渐缩小.施氮对CH4吸收通量的影响不显著(P>0.05).2施氮强度和土壤有机碳水平均显著促进了CO2和N2O排放(P<0.001),但对CH4吸收没有显著影响(P>0.05);高土壤有机碳水平样地CO2和N2O排放通量显著高于低水平土壤有机碳样地(P<0.01).3施氮和土壤有机碳水平对CO2和N2O排放通量的影响存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05).与低土壤有机碳水平样地比较,高土壤有机碳水平样地CO2和N2O排放通量对施氮更为敏感:低氮水平就能显著促进CO2和N2O的排放.上述结果表明:施氮对桉树林温室气体排放通量的影响既与施氮强度有关,也与土壤有机碳水平密切相关.估算不同施氮水平下的温室气体通量变化时,由土壤有机碳不同带来的温室气体通量差异不可忽视.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.