地膜覆盖对稻-油轮作农田温室气体排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的稻-油轮作为研究对象,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,对覆膜和对照(不覆膜)处理下稻油轮作CO2、CH4和N2O排放特征进行了为期1 a的原位观测.结果表明,稻-油轮作农田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量均呈现出明显的季节变化,且2种处理下这3种温室气体的季节变化模式相似.覆膜处理下稻-油轮作农田全年CH_4排放量为(46. 14±13. 40) kg·hm~(-2),相比于对照处理下的(18. 61±2. 05) kg·hm~(-2),提高了147. 93%(P 0. 05),但覆膜对CO_2和N_2O的排放影响并不显著,覆膜及对照处理下CO2年排放量分别是(-47. 54±2. 11) t·hm~(-2)和(-47. 60±2. 19) t·hm~(-2),N2O年排放量分别是(18. 94±4. 74) kg·hm~(-2)和(23. 14±3. 68) kg·hm~(-2).覆膜和对照处理下GWP值分别为-41. 16 t·hm~(-2)和-40. 95 t·hm~(-2),表现为大气温室气体的吸收汇,但差异并不显著.     

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

Overview of motorcycling in the United States: a national telephone survey

Objectives

Motorcycle registrations have risen in recent years. Although motorcyclist crash fatalities in 2009 were 16% lower than in 2008, they were double the number of deaths in 1997. The present study examined current motorcyclists’ travel patterns and views of motorcycle helmets and other safety topics.

Methods

Motorcycle drivers were interviewed in a national telephone survey conducted in 2009. A weighted sample of 1,606 motorcyclists resulted from adjusting for the oversampling of those younger than 40 and those in the three states without a motorcycle helmet use law (Illinois, Iowa, New Hampshire). All analyses were based on the weighted sample, which was intended to result in a nationally representative sample of motorcyclists.

Results

About one-quarter of respondents said they did not always wear helmets. Of these respondents, 57% said a law requiring helmet use would persuade them to do so, and 27% said nothing would. Ninety-four percent of respondents in states with universal helmet laws said they always ride helmeted, compared with about half of respondents in other states. About half of all respondents favored these laws. About three-quarters said they believe helmets keep riders safer, including two-thirds of respondents who oppose universal laws and almost half of drivers who rarely/never wear helmets. Drivers ages 18–29 and drivers of sport/unclad sport, sport touring, and super sport motorcycles were more likely to always wear helmets, support universal helmet laws, and believe helmets keep riders safer. About half of respondents said antilock braking systems (ABS) enhance safety and that they would get ABS on their next motorcycle. Less than one-quarter thought an airbag would protect a motorcyclist in a crash, and even fewer would consider getting one on their next motorcycle. Forty-three percent of motorcyclists said they had crashed at least once; 62% of the most recent crashes involved no vehicles besides the motorcycle. Respondents reported riding their motorcycles about 5,400 miles, on average, during the past year. Drivers ages 18–29 reported riding fewer miles, on average, than older drivers and more often rode at night and to/from work or school. Drivers of touring and sport touring motorcycles traveled more miles and took more long trips.

Conclusions

Motorcyclists’ travel patterns and views vary widely, but there are distinct patterns by driver age and motorcycle type. Drivers who believe helmets keep riders safer are more likely to always wear them, but this belief appears insufficient to motivate some drivers to wear them. However, universal helmet laws appear effective in increasing helmet use. Many drivers are receptive to purchasing ABS on their next motorcycle.

Impact on industry

States should be encouraged to enact universal helmet laws, and motorcycle manufacturers should be encouraged to offer ABS.     

3D打印技术在固体废弃物资源循环中的应用

打印材料是限制3D打印技术发展和推广应用的瓶颈问题,目前已经发现部分固体废弃物与3D打印的契合度很高,可以用于制备3D打印材料.本文综述了4类可以用于3D打印的固体废弃物,包括硅铝基废弃物、农林废弃物、废旧塑料和废旧金属,着重讨论了这4类废弃物制备3D打印材料的方法以及废弃物的添加对原打印材料造成的影响,同时分析了当前废弃物制备3D打印材料需要解决的问题,并对废弃物基3D打印材料的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors

Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

生物可降解地膜覆盖对关中地区小麦-玉米农田温室气体排放的影响

为探究生物可降解地膜覆盖对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田生态系统温室气体排放的影响,布设了普通地膜覆盖（PM）、生物可降解地膜覆盖（BPM）和无覆盖（CK）这3个处理,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱仪法监测了2018～2019年土壤CO₂、 CH₄和N₂O的排放通量,并用水分利用效率（WUE）、温室气体排放强度（GHGI）和净生态系统经济预算（NEEB）指标评估覆膜对作物产量、农田环境和经济效益的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,PM和BPM增加了玉米季土壤CO₂的排放,PM处理下CO₂排放总量高于BPM处理（P>0.05）.PM和BPM处理均能够显著减少土壤对CH₄的吸收,CH₄的年吸收量较CK处理分别减少了42.0%和24.2%（P<0.05）.与CK相比,PM和BPM增加了小麦季N₂O排放总量（P>0.05）,而显著降低了夏玉米季N₂O排放（P<0.05）.覆膜能够提高作物产量和水分...     

地膜覆盖栽培防御东北玉米冷害和霜冻试验

为防御东北玉米低温冷害和霜冻害,在吉林东部开展了玉米地膜覆盖栽培试验,进行了农田小气候、玉米生长发育和产量对比观测.结果表明,地膜覆盖是防御冷害、霜冻的高效实用技术;该项技术使播种至营养生长期内耕层地温晴天提升3～5℃,阴、雨天气提升1～2℃;可增加积温180℃*d以上,从而使成熟期较相同品种的对照组提早半个月左右.使用该技术,能使作物提早成熟,防御冷害和霜害,可采用较常规播种的生育期长15d、所需积温多200℃*d左右的偏晚熟品种;产量和经济效益分别提高45%和40%左右,并可以提高玉米品质.     

纸基复合包装中铝塑分离的湿法工艺条件研究

纸基复合包装中的纸基部分通过水力碎浆分离后可直接用于生产再生纸. 其铝塑部分由1层0.02～0.03 mm厚的铝箔和2层0.03～0.08 mm厚的低密度聚乙烯膜层压复合而成,主要对铝塑的湿法分离进行研究.比较了甲酸、乙酸、盐酸3种剥离剂的分离效果; 用甲酸作为铝塑剥离剂时, 考察了剥离剂的浓度、反应温度、液固比及破碎尺寸对铝塑分离的影响; 根据铝塑分离时间、分离率、铝的损失率等指标,通过正交试验及方差分析优化铝塑分离的工艺条件. 结果表明,甲酸分离铝塑的最优条件: 剥离剂浓度为4 mol/L, 反应温度为60 ℃,液固比为60 L/kg, 破碎尺寸为5 cm×5 cm. 在该条件下, 铝塑的分离率达到100%.      

Bioabsorbable Soy Protein Plastic Composites: Effect of Polyphosphate Fillers on Biodegradability

The use of biodegradable polymers made from renewable agricultural products such as soy protein isolate has been limited by the tendency of these materials to absorb moisture. A straightforward approach for controlling the inherent water absorbency of the biodegradable polymers involves blending special bioabsorbable polyphosphate fillers, biodegradable soy protein isolate, plasticizer, and adhesion promoter in a high-shear mixer followed by compression molding. The procedure yields a relatively water-resistant, biodegradable soy protein polymer composite, as previously reported. The aim of the present study is to determine the biodegradability of the new polyphosphate filler/soy protein plastic composites by monitoring the carbon dioxide released over a period of 120 days. The results suggest that the composites biodegrade satisfactorily, with the fillers having no significant effect on the depolymerization and mineralization of the soy protein plastic, processes that would otherwise result in nonbiodegradable composites. Further, the results indicate that the biodegradation and useful service life of these biocomposites may be controlled by changing the filler concentration, making the biocomposites useful in applications in which the control of water resistance and biodegradation is critical.     

Desulfurization of coke oven gas from the coking of coking coal blended with a sorbent and waste plastic

A new way to implement the simultaneous reutilization of solid waste, the desulfurization of coke oven gas (COG), and even the desulfurization of coke by the co-coking of coking coal (CC) and waste plastic (WP) blended with a sorbent is proposed; the evolution of H₂S and the removal efficiency of H₂S from COG during the co-coking process were investigated in a lab-scale cylindrical reactor. The experimental results indicated that for the coking of CC blended with ZnO, Fe₂O₃, or blast furnace dust (BFD) as a sorbent, the instantaneous concentration of H₂S in COG was lower than 500 mg/m³ (which meets the technical specification requirement of the Chinese Cleaner Production Standard–Coking Industry, HJ/T 126-2003) when the molar ratio between the key component of the sorbent and the volatile S in CC or the CC/WP blend, n _Zn+Fe/n _S, was about 1.2 for ZnO and Fe₂O₃, but not for BFD under the same conditions, suggesting that ZnO and Fe₂O₃ are promising sorbents, but that BFD must be treated chemical or thermally before being used as a sorbent because of the size and complicated nature of the influence of its phase/chemical composition on its desulfurization ability. However, for the co-coking of CC and WP blended with ZnO as a sorbent, n _Zn+Fe/n _S must increase to 1.4 and 1.7 for 100/2 and 100/5 blends of CC/WP, respectively, to ensure a satisfactory efficiency for H₂S removal from COG. Part of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on EcoTopia Science 2005 (ISET05), Aug 8–9, 2005, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan