Sorption of As, Cd and Tl as influenced by industrial by-products applied to an acidic soil: equilibrium and kinetic experiments

In situ stabilization of toxic elements in contaminated soils by the addition of amendments is being considered as an effective technique for remediation. In this paper, we performed both kinetics and equilibrium-based sorption experiments of three toxic elements (As, Cd and Tl) in soils amended with two by-products (phosphogypsum and sugar foam, rich in gypsum and calcium carbonate, respectively) to ascertain the feasibility of their application for improving the sorption capacity of As, Cd and Tl from the soil at 25, 35 and 50 °C. Kinetic studies indicated that the sorption follows a pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics and the sorption is a two-step diffusion process where both film and intraparticle diffusion played important roles in the sorption mechanisms of the elements. The Langmuir isotherms applied for sorption studies showed that the estimated maximum sorption capacity of the elements in control and amended soils decreased in the order of Cd > As > Tl. Using the thermodynamic equilibrium parameters obtained at different temperatures, the thermodynamic constants of sorption (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) were also evaluated, indicating spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process, except Tl which was exothermic. An optimal scaling procedure was undertaken to determine the relationships between the kinetic and equilibrium sorption parameters. By means of statistical analysis it was seen that these inter-parametric relationships are dependent on the element nature.     

Pomegranate husk as an adsorbent in the removal of toxic chromium from wastewater

The use of a new sorbent developed from the husk of pomegranate, a famous fruit in Egypt, for the removal of toxic chromium from aqueous solution has been investigated. The batch experiment was conducted to determine the adsorption capacity of the pomegranate husk. The effects of initial metal concentration (25 and 50 mg l^?1), pH, contact time, and sorbent concentration (2–6 g l^?1) have been studied at room temperature. A strong dependence of the adsorption capacity on pH was observed, the capacity increased as the pH decreased, and the optimum pH value was pH 1.0. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were studied with different sorbent and metal concentrations. The adsorption process was fast, and equilibrium was reached within 3 h. The maximum removal was 100% for 25 mg l^?1 of Cr⁶⁺ concentration on 5 g l^?1 pomegranate husk concentration, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 10.59 mg g^?1. The kinetic data were analysed using various kinetic models—pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion equations—and the equilibrium data were tested using several isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Generalized isotherm equations. The Elovich and pseudo-second-order equations provided the greatest accuracy for the kinetic data, while Langmuir and Generalized isotherm models were the closest fit for the equilibrium data. The activation energy of sorption has also been evaluated as 0.236 and 0.707 kJ mol^?1 for 25 and 50 mg l^?1 chromium concentration, respectively.     

Mechanism research on coal and gas outburst during vibration blasting

The coal and gas outburst results from plenty of factors, while vibration is the most important factor among them. Therefore, the influences of vibration acting on gas desorption and coal structure had been conducted. And the mechanism of coal and gas outburst induced by vibration was illustrated through examples. The results showed that the gas desorption accelerates under the action of vibration, and then the gas gradient increases. Meanwhile, vibration would increase and expand fractures in the internal coal body, which aggravates the risk of coal and gas outburst greatly. In conclusion, vibration is a more important factor attributable to coal and gas outburst compared with other coal mining method, mining technology and construction method.     

Removal of Fe(II) from the wastewater of a galvanized pipe manufacturing industry by adsorption onto bentonite clay

Bentonite clay has been used for the adsorption of Fe(II) from aqueous solutions over a concentration range of 80-200 mg/l, shaking time of 1-60 min, adsorbent dosage from 0.02 to 2 g and pH of 3. The process of uptake follows both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and also the first-order kinetics. The maximum removal (>98%) was observed at pH of 3 with initial concentration of 100 mg/l and 0.5 g of bentonite. The efficiency of Fe(II) removal was also tested using wastewater from a galvanized pipe manufacturing industry. More than 90% of Fe(II) can be effectively removed from the wastewater by using 2.0 g of the bentonite. The effect of cations (i.e. zinc, manganese, lead, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, chromium and copper) on the removal of Fe(II) was studied in the concentration range of 10-500 mg/l. All the added cations reduced the adsorption of Fe(II) at high concentrations except Zn. Column studies have also been carried out using a certain concentration of wastewater. More than 99% recovery has been achieved by using 5 g of the bentonite with 3M nitric acid solution.     

Preparation of cross-linked magnetic chitosan with quaternary ammonium and its application for Cr(VI) and P(V) removal

Pollutants that exist in anionic species are issues of concern in water treatment. Compared to cationic pollutants, the removal of anionic pollutants by adsorption is more difficult because most adsorbents carry predominantly negative charges in neutral and alkaline environments. In this study, a cross-linked chitosan derivative with quaternary ammonium and magnetic properties（QM-chitosan） was prepared and employed to remove chromium（VI） and phosphorus（V）（Cr（VI） and P（V）） from aqueous environments. The QM-chitosan was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FT-IR）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, energy dispersive X-ray（SEM-EDX） and zeta potential.Batch experiments show that QM-chitosan can effectively remove Cr（VI） and P（V）, and the main mechanism was believed to be electrostatic interaction. A pseudosecond-order model was fitted to describe the kinetic processes of Cr（VI） and P（V） removal. The adsorption isotherms of both Cr（VI） and P（V） on the QM-chitosan were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm equation. The saturated adsorption capacity of P（V）（2.783 mmol/g） was found to be higher than that of Cr（VI）（2.323 mmol/g）, resulting from the size of the H2PO-4ions being smaller than that of the HCr O-4ions. However, the theoretical calculation and experimental results showed that QM-chitosan had a stronger affinity for Cr（VI） than P（V）. The adsorption–desorption of the QM-chitosan was evaluated, and high regeneration rates were demonstrated.     

Influence of the inherent properties of drinking water treatment residuals on their phosphorus adsorption capacities

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphorus（P） adsorption and desorption on five drinking water treatment residuals（WTRs） collected from different regions in China. The physical and chemical characteristics of the five WTRs were determined. Combined with rotated principal component analysis, multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the inherent properties of the WTRs and their P adsorption capacities. The results showed that the maximum P adsorption capacities of the five WTRs calculated using the Langmuir isotherm ranged from 4.17 to8.20 mg/g at a p H of 7 and further increased with a decrease in p H. The statistical analysis revealed that a factor related to Al and 200 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Al（Alox） accounted for 36.5% of the variations in the P adsorption. A similar portion（28.5%） was attributed to an integrated factor related to the p H, Fe, 200 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Fe（Feox）, surface area and organic matter（OM） of the WTRs. However, factors related to other properties（Ca,P and 5 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Fe and Al） were rejected. In addition, the quantity of P desorption was limited and had a significant negative correlation with the（Feox＋ Alox） of the WTRs（p 〈 0.05）. Overall, WTRs with high contents of Alox, Feoxand OM as well as large surface areas were proposed to be the best choice for P adsorption in practical applications.     

Se（IV）在改性水滑石和膨润土的吸附行为

79Se是高放废物地质处置安全评价中的重点关注的核素之一,如何有效地阻滞其在处置库环境中的迁移扩散是目前研究的热点。将金属盐溶液和有机溶剂与水滑石和膨润土混合制备,分别得到2种无机改性水滑石和9种不同的有机和无机改性膨润土,通过批次实验研究这些改性材料对Se(IV)的吸附性能。结果表明无机改性的水滑石和膨润土对Se(IV)均有较好的吸附,吸附率超过57%。而有机改性的膨润土吸附效果很差,吸附率低于10%。采用SEM和XRD对这些改性材料进行表征,结果表明：无机改性后的膨润土的比表面积和层间距均增大,有利于对Se(IV)的吸附。     

印染废水吸附处理研究现状

随着染料纺织工业迅速发展,产生的印染废水成了水系环境的主要污染源之一,而染料品种的日益增加,及产品结构和印染工艺的不断改变,使得印染废水的水质也发生了变化,处理难度也随之加大。本文主要介绍不同的吸附处理法的优缺点及它们对不同污染因素的吸附效率。通过对几类吸附方法的比较,发现新兴的秸秆纤维素类生物吸附剂,既可以有效的解决农业固体废弃物的处理问题,又能低成本高效率的处理印染废水,对我国建立发展可持续发展,环境友好型社会具有重要的意义。     

细菌在黄土上的吸附／解吸特征及吸附量对土壤石油降解的影响

本文通过室内实验,研究了细菌在黄土上的吸附解吸特征,并探讨了其在黄土上的吸附量对土壤石油降解的影响。结果表明,细菌在黄土上的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,当菌液浓度较低时,吸附量随浓度增加而急剧上升,随着菌液浓度进一步增加,吸附量随浓度的增加渐渐平缓;细菌在黄土上的解吸作用极弱,一旦被吸附后,较难被解吸,解吸量平均仅是吸附量的1％;随着细菌在土壤上吸附量的增加,降解率相应提高。当土中含油量为3．52％,菌液浓度为1．0×10^8个／ml,经过30d后,降解率可达到45％。     

Adsorption–desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China

Adsorptionanddesorptionareimportantprocessesthataffectatrazinetransport,transformation,andbioavailabilityinsoils.Inthisstudy,theadsorption–desorptioncharacteristicsofatrazinein three soils (laterite, paddy soil and alluvial soil) were evaluated using the batch equilibrium method. The results showed that the kinetics of atrazine in soils was completed in two steps: a “fast” adsorption and a “slow” adsorption and could be well described by pseudo-second-order model.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium isotherms were nonlinear and were well fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models. It was found that the adsorption data on laterite, and paddy soil were better fitted by the Freundlich model;as for alluvial soil,the Langmuir model described it better. The maximum atrazine sorption capacities ranked as follows: paddy soil > alluvial soil > laterite. Results of thermodynamic calculations indicated that atrazine adsorption on three tested soils was spontaneous and endothermic. The desorption data showed that negative hysteresis occurred. Furthermore, lower solution pH value was conducive to the adsorptionofatrazineinsoils.Theatrazineadsorptioninthesethreetestedsoilswascontrolled by physical adsorption, including partition and surface adsorption. At lower equilibrium concentration, the atrazine adsorption process in soils was dominated by surface adsorption;while with the increase of equilibrium concentration, partition was predominant.