Dispersal behaviour in a subsocial spider: group conflict and the effect of food availability

This study investigates proximate factors influencing dispersal behaviour in the subsocial spider Amaurobius ferox. Dispersal of spiderlings from the natal web occurred as a progressive sigmoidal function (mean duration of dispersal period=31 days), with considerable individual variability in developmental instar and body mass within the clutch at the time of dispersal. The spiderlings showed a significant decrease in group cohesion on the 6th day after their second moult, which corresponded to the beginning of the dispersal period. Mutual aggressiveness appeared when the spiderlings began to show predatory behaviour (4th day post-second moult) and increased over the course of the dispersal period. While lack of prey in the maternal nest accelerated dispersal behaviour, the addition of prey items lengthened the dispersal period in previously non-fed clutches. Individuals that dispersed were smaller than the remaining individuals when measured on the day 50% of the clutch had dispersed. Timing of the appearance of the developmental characters (second moult, predation activity, agonistic behaviour against siblings, reduction of group cohesion, dispersal) suggests that the dispersal trait might have evolved in consequence of these different functional behaviours. Received: 10 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 1 April 2000     

Contribution of cooperative sector recycling to greenhouse gas emissions reduction: A case study of Ribeirão Pires,Brazil

Solid waste, including municipal waste and its management, is a major challenge for most cities and among the key contributors to climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced through recovery and recycling of resources from the municipal solid waste stream. In São Paulo, Brazil, recycling cooperatives play a crucial role in providing recycling services including collection, separation, cleaning, stocking, and sale of recyclable resources. The present research attempts to measure the greenhouse gas emission reductions achieved by the recycling cooperative Cooperpires, as well as highlight its socioeconomic benefits. Methods include participant observation, structured interviews, questionnaire application, and greenhouse gas accounting of recycling using a Clean Development Mechanism methodology. The results show that recycling cooperatives can achieve important energy savings and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and suggest there is an opportunity for Cooperpires and other similar recycling groups to participate in the carbon credit market. Based on these findings, the authors created a simple greenhouse gas accounting calculator for recyclers to estimate their emissions reductions.     

Advanced treatment of biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater by a novel heterogeneous Fenton oxidation process

Sewage sludge from a biological wastewater treatment plant was converted into sewage sludge based activated carbon(SBAC) with Zn Cl2 as activation agent, which was used as a support for ferric oxides to form a catalyst(Fe Ox/SBAC) by a simple impregnation method.The new material was then used to improve the performance of Fenton oxidation of real biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater(CGW). The results indicated that the prepared Fe Ox/SBAC significantly enhanced the pollutant removal performance in the Fenton process, so that the treated wastewater was more biodegradable and less toxic. The best performance was obtained over a wide p H range from 2 to 7, temperature 30°C, 15 mg/L of H2O2 and 1 g/L of catalyst, and the treated effluent concentrations of COD, total phenols,BOD5 and TOC all met the discharge limits in China. Meanwhile, on the basis of significant inhibition by a radical scavenger in the heterogeneous Fenton process as well as the evolution of FT-IR spectra of pollutant-saturated Fe Ox/BAC with and without H2O2, it was deduced that the catalytic activity was responsible for generating hydroxyl radicals, and a possible reaction pathway and interface mechanism were proposed. Moreover, Fe Ox/SBAC showed superior stability over five successive oxidation runs. Thus, heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of biologically pretreated CGW by Fe Ox/SBAC, with the advantages of being economical, efficient and sustainable, holds promise for engineering application.     

环境保护市场化推进实践与思考

在分析环境保护市场化推进经验与制约瓶颈的基础上,从公共物品、准公共物品和私人物品特征明显的环境保护领域3个方面提出了环境保护市场化推进的重点领域与推进机制,并从加大监察执法力度、优化专项资金使用、强化政策引导和加强环保市场监管等方面提出了环境保护市场化的推进措施与建议。     

溶藻细菌L7代谢物对水华鱼腥藻的溶藻效应

从等体积不同密度的溶藻细菌L7菌液中提取胞内、胞外代谢物,分别加入等体积等密度的水华鱼腥藻中连续培养7d,研究L7代谢物对水华鱼腥藻的溶藻效应。2.78×105~2.78×10 7cfu/mL的L7胞内代谢物能显著促进藻生长和异形胞分化,到培养结束藻密度为对照组的1.7~1.98倍;异形胞数最大可为对照组的2.31倍。2.78×10 8、2.78×10 9cfu/mL的L7胞内代谢物能抑制藻生长,藻密度最低为对照组的58%;能极显著抑制异形胞分化,可不形成异形胞。2.78×10 5~2.78×109 cfu/mL的L7胞外代谢物能极显著抑制藻生长和异形胞分化,藻密度最低为对照组的0.63%,不形成异形胞;藻丝的藻细胞间隔变模糊,藻细胞变大变形,并有大量的单个球形藻体散落。L7主要通过分泌胞外代谢物溶藻,菌胞内代谢物对藻生长有"低促高抑"的作用。     

滇池湖滨生态带建设管理机制研究

为提高湖滨带管理水平,通过总结实际工作中的工作方法和经验,提出和完善滇池湖滨生态带管理的一般模式,即政府投资管理、企业投资管理、政府-企业共同管理三种模式,为构建完善的滇池湖滨生态带管理机制奠定理论研究和实践调研基础。结果表明:政府主导的管理方式有利于保障湖滨带的整体性和自然属性,促进湖滨带生态系统的自然恢复,但是资金投入比例大、管理周期长;政府-企业共同管理能产生社会效益和经济效益,降低政府投资;企业投资管理能激活湖边带的商业价值,但企业管理自主性比较大,有待进一步研究。     

Community Capacity for Implementing Clean Development Mechanism Projects Within Community Forests in Cameroon

There is a growing assumption that payments for environmental services including carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission reduction provide an opportunity for poverty reduction and the enhancement of sustainable development within integrated natural resource management approaches. Yet in experiential terms, community-based natural resource management implementation falls short of expectations in many cases. In this paper, we investigate the asymmetry between community capacity and the Land Use Land Use Change Forestry (LULUCF) provisions of the Clean Development Mechanism within community forests in Cameroon. We use relevant aspects of the Clean Development Mechanism criteria and notions of “community capacity” to elucidate determinants of community capacity needed for CDM implementation within community forests. The main requirements are for community capacity to handle issues of additionality, acceptability, externalities, certification, and community organisation. These community capacity requirements are further used to interpret empirically derived insights on two community forestry cases in Cameroon. While local variations were observed for capacity requirements in each case, community capacity was generally found to be insufficient for meaningful uptake and implementation of Clean Development Mechanism projects. Implications for understanding factors that could inhibit or enhance community capacity for project development are discussed. We also include recommendations for the wider Clean Development Mechanism/Kyoto capacity building framework.     

关于跨省断面水质生态补偿与财政激励机制的思考

改善环境质量是环境保护的核心。当前,我国跨省界流域上下游治污协作机制尚未完全建立,权责落实与激励政策尚不完善,流域跨省界断面水质短期内难以得到根本改善。文章提出建立以水环境质量改善为导向的跨省财政激励机制,根据上下游出境断面水污染治理成本、水生态价值和发展机会成本以及延伸投入等,强化流域水质目标考核行政和经济"双重"约束机制,建立水质超标"罚款赔偿"和水质达标"奖励补偿"机制,是解决流域跨界污染问题的重要突破口,并建议"十三五"全面推动建立跨省断面水质财政激励机制,实现流域治理的成本共担、合作共治。     

黄泥灌浆防止采空区遗煤自燃的机理分析与应用

首次运用燃烧学和热力学的理论观点，从三个方面探讨了黄泥灌浆方法防止采空区遗煤自燃的作用机理，并通过应用实践研究肯定了该技术的防治效果。同时，提出综合治理才是当前防止采空区遗煤自燃的最佳选择     

试论企业安全管理机制

结合我国安全管理的现状，分析了安全管理机制的性质、功能、内容及建设条件。还讨论了安全与经济效益及安全第一等概念。