Effects of sepiolite and biochar on microbial diversity in acid red soil from southern China

Sepiolite and biochar can immobilize heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil effectively, but their impact on the soil microbial community and diversity is still unclear. High-throughput Illumina MiSeq method was used to study the effects of sepiolite and biochar on the diversity of microbial communities in acid red soil amended with cadmium and atrazine. A total of 47,472 microbiological Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were found in all the treated soil samples. Sepiolite and biochar enriched the diversity of soil microbes at different classification levels and OTUs, but the effect of biochar was stronger than that of sepiolite. A Venn diagram showed that compared with other treatments, adding 2% biochar could promote the growth of specific microbes, which is better than the case for 5% biochar. The heat map of species abundance cluster showed that the dominant microbes in soil were different for different treatment doses of sepiolite and biochar. Among all the soil treatments, the top ten dominant bacterial phyla (from high to low dominance) were: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria­, and Verrucomicrobia. The addition of sepiolite and biochar promoted the restoration of the microbial community diversity in contaminated soil.     

Microbial Potential for the Anaerobic Transformation of Simple Homocyclic and Heterocyclic Compounds in Sediments of the Tsengwen River

The ability of microbial populations to mediate the anaerobic transformation of four aromatic compounds (aniline, benzoic acid, pyridine, and quinoline) in sediments of the Tsengwen River was examined. Along the river, from a freshwater (0.0° salinity) to an oceanic (37.0° salinity) environment, five sampling stations were chosen to collect the sediment. Sediment slurries were incubated in an anaerobic mineral salts medium that was amended with multiple electron acceptors, including manganese (IV) and ferric (III) oxides, and the concentrations of the aromatic substrates were followed over a 3- to 4-month period. Most sediment samples showed a complete loss of benzoic acid and quinoline (0.12–0.21 mM) within approximately three months. Pyridine was transformed after a lag period of 53 days in the sediment slurries from the freshwater environment which had been amended with both metal oxide (either Fe (OH)₃ or MnO₂) and inhibitor (either BESA or molybdate). Pyridine was not transformed in other sediment slurries. No significant metabolism of aniline was apparent in any of the sediments.     

单级好氧生物除磷工艺处理生活污水

采用SBR单级好氧生物除磷工艺处理生活污水,检验该工艺处理实际污水的可行性和稳定性,并与传统厌氧/好氧工艺进行比较.结果表明,当进水磷浓度为2~10mg/L时,SBR单级好氧生物除磷工艺能高效去除污水中的磷,经过长期运行去除效果稳定,去除率保持在90%以上,最高可达98.6%.该工艺对污水中的氨氮、TN、COD等污染物也具有良好的去除效果,平均去除率分别在92%、87%、90%以上,并可实现同步脱氮除磷.SBR单级好氧生物除磷工艺无厌氧段实现强化生物除磷,与传统厌氧/好氧工艺相比,除磷能力相当,但运行成本较低,经济性优势明显.     

啤酒废水同步脱氮除磷工艺启动研究

为了将短程硝化反硝化与A/O法除磷同时应用于SBR工艺处理啤酒废水,通过改变序批式反应器(SBR)工艺运行方式,使活性污泥依次经历厌氧、好氧、缺氧3个阶段,控制ρ(MLSS)=4 700 mg/L、pH=7.5～8.0、DO=0.3～0.5 mg/L(好氧阶段)。反应器内短程硝化反硝化同步除磷效果明显,氨氮去除率大于90%,亚硝酸盐积累率大于85%,磷去除率大于98%。试验结果表明短程硝化反硝化与A/O法除磷可同时应用于SBR工艺处理啤酒废水。     

Roles of acid-producing bacteria in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge

Three acid-producing strains, AFB-1, AFB-2 and AFB-3, were isolated during this study, and their roles in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) were evaluated. Data of 16S rRNA method showed that AFB-1 and AFB-2 were Bacillus coagulans, and AFB-3 was Escherichia coli. The removal in terms of volatile solids (VS) and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) was maximized at 42.7% and 44.7% by inoculating Bacillus coagulans AFB-1. Besides, the optimal inoculum concentration of Bacillus coagulans AFB-1 was 30% (v/v). Solubilization degree experiments indicated that solubilization ratios (SR) of WAS reached 20.8%±2.2%, 17.7%±1.48%, and 11.1%±1.53%. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations and compositions were also explored with a gas chromatograph. The results showed that VFAs improved by 98.5%, 53.0% and 11.6% than those of the control, respectively. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiments revealed that biogas production increased by 90.7% and 75.3% when inoculating with Bacillus coagulans AFB-1 and AFB-2. These results confirmed that the isolated acid-producing bacteria, especially Bacillus coagulans, was a good candidate for anaerobic digestion of WAS.

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赤水河流域浮游细菌群落特征及其与水质的关系

赤水河是茅台酒酿造用水的水源地,其环境承载能力和水质质量与该流域微生物的群落息息相关,而目前赤水河浮游细菌群落组成、功能及其与水质之间的关系研究开展较少.本研究以茅台酒厂采水点为中心,在其上中下游设置了W1~W6共6个采样点,采用16S rDNA Miseq高通量测序技术研究了赤水河浮游细菌群落的组成及其功能.结果表明浮游细菌群落主要由55门、167纲、415目、706科、1431属组成,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和马赛菌属（Massilia）是相对优势种群.此外,W1和W3采样点样品与其他采样点样品相比,群落组成差异较大.冗余分析表明COD_Mn、COD和DO是影响群落组成的显著因素（p<0.05）,其与NH₃-N、pH、TN、Novosphingobium、Stenotrophomona和Pontibacter等参数是该流域浮游细菌群落网络的重要节点.使用PICRUSt2软件对该水源地微生物群落的功能进行预测,结果显示其功能主要涉及代谢（metabolism）、环境信息处理（environmental information processing）、遗传信息处理（genetic information processing）等6类生物代谢通路和碳水化合物代谢（carbohydrate metabolism）、氨基酸代谢（amino acid metabolism）、能量代谢（energy metabolism）、辅助因子和维生素的代谢（metabolism of cofactors and vitamins）等46个子功能.本研究探明了赤水河浮游细菌群落组成和功能及其与环境因子的相互联系,丰富了赤水河地区的第一手研究资料,为改善其水域环境提供了参考.     

厌氧氨氧化启动过程细菌群落多样性及PICRUSt2功能预测分析

细菌群落是实现厌氧氨氧化系统高效脱氮的核心,而厌氧氨氧化启动过程细菌群落多样性及其功能特征仍未被充分阐明.本研究采用升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器进行厌氧氨氧化系统启动,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术并结合PICRUSt2功能预测分析,研究启动过程不同时间（d0、d30、d60和d90）细菌群落多样性及功能动态变化特征.结果表明,启动过程共检测到48个门、111个纲、269个目、457个科、840个属和1497个种;Candidatus_Brocadia和Candidatus_Kuenenia为检测到的厌氧氨氧化菌,且它们的相对丰度在启动过程不同时间存在显著差异（P<0.05）.启动过程,细菌群落α多样性指数整体呈现显著的降低趋势（P<0.05）,细菌群落结构呈现出明显的空间分异特征,且差异显著（R=0.846,P<0.01）.PICRUSt2功能预测分析表明,启动过程,细菌群落具有丰富的功能多样性,一级功能层表现为有机系统和代谢方面较为活跃,二级功能层子功能基因丰度在厌氧氨氧化启动过程发生明显变化;细菌群落涉及49个参与氮素代谢的相关功能基因,且不同时间阶段参与硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、硝酸盐同化/异化还原和亚硝酸盐同化/异化还原过程的相关功能基因丰度发生明显变化.     

BP-1生物降解群落结构解析及关键功能菌的降解效能评估

生物降解是有机污染物去除的重要途径,为探究环境中微生物对2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮（2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone,BP-1）的降解能力,本文以BP-1为唯一碳源,设置好氧和厌氧条件分别驯化富集功能菌群,通过高通量测序技术深度解析群落多样性及功能菌群,在此基础上筛选关键功能菌,并评估其降解效能.结果显示,好氧降解是BP-1降解的主要途径,BP-1在好氧处理系统中的降解速率是厌氧体系的2.74倍.好氧体系中微生物群落多样性显著高于厌氧体系,变形菌门（Proteobacteria,40.66%）是好氧体系中的优势菌门,红环菌目（Rhodocyclales,28.15%）、假单胞菌目（Pseudomonadales,3.11%）、鞘氨醇菌目（Sphingomonadales,2.22%）是变形菌门中占优势地位的菌目.采用选择性培养基从好氧驯化污泥中筛选获得4株BP-1降解菌,经鉴定分别为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methylotrophicus） BP1.1、解淀粉酶芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens） BP1.2、红球菌（Rhodococcus sp.） BP1.3和鞘氨醇单胞菌（Sphingomonas sp.） BP1.4,其中甲基营养型芽孢杆菌BP1.1降解速率最快,在6 h内对BP-1的降解率高达99.9%,显著降低了BP-1引起的急性毒性和类雌激素效应,为高效去除废水中BP-1提供了微生物种质资源.     

pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷的影响

在2个序批式反应器(R1、R2)中,以合成废水为对象,研究了不同pH值(R1:pH 8±0.2; R2:pH 7±0.2)对单级好氧生物除磷的影响;并通过比较周期中主要储能物质的变化,探讨了产生不同除磷效果的原因.结果表明,R1与R2均具有较高除磷性能, R1与R2中的平均去除率分别为94.9%,83.5%,pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷有一定的影响.导致R1具有较高除磷性能的原因是其对聚磷的依赖程度更大.好氧段R1糖原积累量低于R2(R1为1.42mmol/g, R2为1.55mmol/g),但降解量却高于R2(分别为1.41,1.19mmol/g);静置期,R1中糖原无明显变化,R2中则观察到明显的糖原降解.R1与R2均有明显的释磷现象, R1释磷量高于R2(释磷量分别为9.65,7.33mg/L).整个周期中,R1中PHA 无明显变化,而R2中则在好氧段有少量减少,静置期有少量上升.     

常温下内循环厌氧反应器的启动研究

研究了内循环厌氧反应器(IC反应器)在常温下处理葡萄糖配水的启动特性。结果表明:在运行温度为25~35℃的条件下,反应器经70 d启动完成,且IC反应器具有较好的处理效果,反应器内能形成大量的颗粒污泥。启动完成后,进水COD浓度在3 000 mg/L左右时,COD去除率一直保持在95%以上,出水COD浓度维持在200 mg/L左右。当HRT为5.8 h,容积负荷为11.9 kg/(m3.d)时,出水VFA低于200 mg/L,产气量为33 L/d,反应器运行正常。