郑州市少数民族运动会期间O3及VOCs污染特征的演变和评估

基于近地面观测的常规污染六参数、气象数据和在线VOCs数据,以臭氧及其前体物VOCs为研究重点,评估了民运会期间采取的污染管控措施对郑州市空气质量的影响.结果表明,2019年民运会管控期间污染物六参数相较上年同期均呈现降低趋势,其中PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度分别降低了16.2%和25.1%,但是臭氧日最大8 h浓度均值的降幅仅为3.7%,且臭氧为首要污染物的天数超过90%.就臭氧前体物VOCs而言,民运会期间PAMS浓度（26.21×10^-9）低于历史同期;利用PMF模型解析出6个因子,依次为机动车尾气（28%）、LPG（21%）、燃烧（16%）、工业（15%）、溶剂（15%）和植物排放（5%）;空气保障期间,对燃烧源和工业源的管控较为明显.     

青藏高原隆升对我国西南地区气候的影响——从季风角度研究

青藏高原隆升作为新生代最重要的地质事件,对亚洲乃至全球气候演化产生了深刻的影响。我国西南地区因紧邻青藏高原、地形地貌复杂,该区青藏高原隆升的气候效应至今仍存在许多需要探讨的问题。本文通过整理总结青藏高原隆升与亚洲季风各子系统形成与发展的相关性,从季风的角度分析了高原隆升对西南地区气候的影响。主要结论如下：（1）对西南地区气候起控制性作用的东亚季风、南亚季风以及高原季风的形成与青藏高原的隆升密切相关。虽然东亚夏季偏南风在约22 Ma就因海陆差异形成,但冬季风却是在约7.2 Ma因青藏高原隆升才出现;南亚夏季风（西南季风）约在12 Ma因喜马拉雅山脉及临近山脉形成而出现,而其冬季风形成时间及原因与东亚冬季风相似,同样离不开青藏高原的隆升;高原季风形成的直接因素就是高原隆升,其约在36 Ma青藏高原主体隆升至约1500 m时才开始形成。（2）亚洲季风各子系统对西南地区的气候演变有重要影响。尽管东亚冬季风不能直接影响西南地区,但青藏高原隆升增强了海陆差异及其热源作用,在一定程度上扩大了东亚夏季风的影响范围,并给西南地区带来水汽;南亚冬季风使得西南地区变得相对寒冷干燥,而南亚夏季风因青藏高原的隆升得到进一步加强,其通过形成南北向的水汽通道成为西南地区温暖湿润气候的主导者;高原冬、夏季风随着青藏高原隆升使得西南地区季节性干冷与湿润气候的差异更加显著。     

Effects of Asian dust events on atmospheric bacterial communities at different distances downwind of the source region

Aeolian dust particles arising from arid and semiarid zones are known to carry microbes by air currents. The effect of wind-borne bacteria on atmospheric bacterial population at various downwind distances from the dust source regions must be clarified, but has not yet been reported. This study monitored the bacterial abundance and community composition in outdoor aerosol samples in Beijing, China, which is close to the Asian dust source regions, and compared them with the results obtained in a distant region(Osaka, Japan).The Asian dust collected in Beijing contained(4 ± 3) × 10~4 bacterial cells/m~3, approximately~4 times higher than in Osaka. On 15 April 2015, Beijing experienced severe Asian dust events with a 1000-fold increase in bacterial abundance, relative to non-Asian dust days. Dominant bacterial phyla and classes in Asian dust collected in Beijing were Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Acidobacteria, and the bacterial community composition varied more widely than in Osaka.The bacterial community compositions differed between the Beijing and Osaka dusts, even for the same Asian dust events. These results indicated that aerosol bacterial communities nearer the dust source are more affected by eolian dust than their distant counterparts.     

亚青会期间南京大气PM_(2.5)中重金属来源及风险

为探究亚青会期间南京奥体中心附近大气PM2.5中重金属来源及潜在的健康风险,于2013年8月3~28日对PM2.5中重金属元素V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn、Sb和Pb进行了观测分析.结果表明:受亚青会污染源调控和气象要素影响,亚青会前、中、后不同时期重金属浓度存在差异,亚青会期间各重金属的浓度均值低于亚青会前期.富集因子分析显示Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn、Sb和Pb为重度富集元素,污染程度为CdCuZnPbSbSn.聚类分析表明工业排放、燃煤、道路尘和机动车尾气排放是这些重金属的主要来源.亚青会期间,PM2.5中各重金属通过呼吸途径对运动员造成的非致癌风险均小于1,5种致癌重金属的风险指数均低于致癌风险阈值范围.     

南京青奥期间污染减排对空气质量影响研究

为评估污染减排对南京青奥期间空气质量影响,利用排放系数法估算减排量,利用敏感系数分析管控措施有效性.结果表明:经过8月份的强力减排,SO2、NO2、PM2.5、PM10、CO与VOCs减排量分别为3438、4402、3177、7249、15890与4052 t,减排比例分别为-29%、-25%、-45%、-65%、-26%、-22%;环境空气中SO2、NO2、PM2.5、PM10、CO与O3浓度环比7月分别下降了-18.8%、-15.0%、-37.0%、-35.4%、-7.1%与-50.4%;敏感系数排序为:O3>PM2.5>SO2>NO2>PM10>CO,除了O3外,其余污染物浓度下降比例小于减排比例,说明要取得一定空气质量改善,需要付出更多的减排努力.     

南京青奥会空气质量保障管控措施效果评估

2014年青奥会期间,长三角地区低温高湿静稳的不利气象条件增加了空气质量保障难度。在环境保护部统一协调和江苏省委省政府的有力指挥下,南京市及周边城市通过控电、控煤、控车、控尘及部分重点企业限产停产等措施,实现了赛事期间南京市空气质量100%达标。联合观测结果显示,南京市空气中SO_2、NO_2,硫酸盐、钙离子、EC等浓度明显下降,说明管控措施得力有效。评估分析表明,燃煤和工业排放是PM2.5的主要来源,控制扬尘是降低PM_(2.5)最直接有效的方式,机动车污染不容忽视,强力管控措施可以有效改善空气质量。     

Ethnicity, politics and inequality: post-tsunami humanitarian aid delivery in Ampara District, Sri Lanka

The provision of humanitarian aid at times of disaster in multi-ethnic community settings may lead to conflict, tension and even the widening of the distance between various ethnic groups. That aid agencies distribute humanitarian aid directly to affected communities, to speed up recovery, may often lead to chaos and the intensification of ethnic sentiments. The new distribution mechanisms introduced for the delivery of tsunami aid in Ampara District, Sri Lanka, did not recognise local networks and the culture of the ethnically mixed community setting. This paper analyses post-tsunami aid distribution in Ampara and shows how such an extemporised effort in an ethnically cognisant context increased ethnic division, inequality and disorder, while marginalising the poor segments of the affected population. It recommends the inclusion of local networks in aid dissemination as a measure for improving ethnic neutrality and social harmony in disaster-hit multi-ethnic communities.     

12-Year longitudinal study linking within-person changes in work and family transitions and workplace injury risk

Introduction: Despite the rich tradition of research on predictors of workplace injury, most studies rely on cross-sectional, between-person designs. Furthermore, prior research has often overlooked the possibility that factors outside the work domain can influence the occurrence of actual injuries at work. To address these limitations, the current study examined the effects of work and family demands on the occurrence of workplace injury. Drawing on the intuition of the work-home resources model (W-HR), we investigated how within-person level changes in demands and resources from both domains influence work injuries over a 12-year period. Method: We used 12 years of longitudinal data (N = 7,820) to study the long-term within-person changes in work and family domains and to capture the event of low frequency incidence such as workplace injury. Specifically, we conducted multilevel analyses to study the links between within-person change in time and energy resources both in work and family domains and within-person change in the likelihood of experiencing a workplace injury. Results and conclusion: The findings showed that within-person changes in work hours, spousal work hours, income and number of children, were significantly associated with changes in the likelihood of experiencing a workplace injury. We conclude with a discussion of implications for theory and future research of workplace injuries. Practical application: The research provided useful insights on the intimate association between work and family domains in the context of safety management.     

福州青年运动会环境空气质量状况及原因分析

利用2015年10月福州市国控点位空气质量常规6项参数(SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))、NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日高度场、风场资料、温度场资料(垂直方向为17层,分辨率为2.5°×2.5°),对10月及福州第一届青年运动会(以下简称"青运会")期间空气质量进行分析与评价,并结合采取的相关管控措施和气象条件情况,分析福州市空气质量变化原因。结果表明,2015年10月福州市空气质量达到优良水平,各项污染物指标均达到一级标准,浓度较2014年同期明显下降,同时青运会期间污染物浓度较10月显著降低,这与对重点工业源、流动源、扬尘源等采取的管控措施密不可分,而且青运会前期受台风"巨爵"外围气流影响,福州温度较常年偏高,有利于空气垂直湍流运动,青运会后期的降水清洁过程,易于污染物清除。     

大型盛事空气质量保障工作初探研究

随着经济社会的迅速发展,中国举办的大型盛事越来越多,但同时由于近年来环境空气质量问题日渐突出,大型盛事的空气质量保障工作越来越重要。近些年来,全国各地在大型盛事空气质量保障工作上积累了许多宝贵经验,尤其是大连市在十二运期间环境空气质量保障工作上开创许多先进做法,为大型盛事空气质量保障工作做出了突出贡献。以大连市十二运空气质量保障工作为例,介绍了大连市的典型做法及空气质量保障工作成效,初步探索了中国大型盛事空气质量保障工作机制。