糠醛制造业塔下废水中COD与BOD产生量的实测分析

糠醛制造业在生产过程中会产生大量高浓度废水,属重污染行业。通过实测其塔下废水中化学需氧量(COD)和生化需氧量(BOD)的产生量,并结合糠醛制造业具体工作实际进行数据分析,作者认为:塔下废水属难生化性废水;COD和BOD产生量与企业设计生产能力无直接关系;设备陈旧、管理粗放是影响COD和BOD产生量的主要因素;而从源头减少污染物的产生,是提高中国糠醛制造业活力和竞争力的关键。     

COD_(CH_4)/COD值评价垃圾渗滤液厌氧可生化性的研究

基于理论分析,提出CODCH4/COD值作为废水厌氧可生化性的评价指标,确定了CODCH4/COD值表示厌氧可生化性的数值界限。同时,在BMP分析的基础上,采用CODCH4/COD值考察了垃圾渗滤液的厌氧可生化性,并与BOD5/COD值评价结果进行了对比。实验结果显示,CODCH4/COD值与BOD5/COD值用于垃圾渗滤液可生化性的评价,得出的结论具有相似性,但CODCH4/COD值大于BOD5/COD值。究其原因:好氧条件下,总的生化耗氧量(BOD)u小于理论完全需氧量(COD);厌氧条件下,有机物完全去除时CODCH4(理)等于理论完全需氧量。此外,BOD5测试时间仅5 d,而BMP测试时间一般在30 d以上,从而使微生物有足够的时间去适应废水水质,故能较好地反映废水的可生化性。     

HJ505-2009法测定生化需氧量[BOD_5]不确定度评定

测量不确定度（uncertainty of measurement）是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性,与测量结果相联系的参数。不确定度一词指可疑程度,广义而言,测量不确定度是对测量结果正确性的可疑程度。如何对测量结果的不确定度进行合理评定,一直是困扰检测实验室的一个难题。依据HJ505—2009标准的方法,测定了水样的生化需氧量BOD5,估算了测试过程中的随机效应和系统效应所产生的不确定度分量,最终评定了生化需氧量浓度的测量不确定度。     

用于改善苯甲醇废水生化可降解性的氧化处理工艺

采用O3/Fenton组合工艺对苯甲醇模拟废水进行氧化处理,主要考察pH值,O3通入量,H2O2投加量,FeSO4加入量,反应时间对氧化效果的影响。比较了污染物苯甲醇在氧化过程中可能经历的特征分子作为污染物时废水的BOD5/COD值,确定顺丁烯二酸为最终氧化产物。结果表明:O3投加量为0.93 g/h,H2O2投加量为5 g/L,FeSO4加入量为1 g/L,pH为8,反应时间为60 min,在此条件下,顺丁烯二酸的质量分数达到42.19%。O3/Fenton组合工艺能够有效的将生化可降解性差的苯甲醇废水转化为可生化性较好有机废水,其中的特征污染物由苯甲醇转化为顺丁烯二酸,可生化指数大大提高。     

Acid mine-drainage toxicity testing

The BOD inhibition test, the activated sludge respiration inhibition test, and the Microtox® Bioassay procedure were examined for their potential as rapid toxicity screening methods for acid mine drainage (AMD) and for setting toxicity threshold levels in receiving waters. The BOD inhibition test proved to be unsuitable due to the high chemical oxygen demand of the toxicant. The long incubation time (minimum 5 d at 20°C) allowed growth of chemo-autotrophic bacteria and resulted in excessive flocculation and precipitation of metals, making accurate and meaningful measurements of inhibition impossible. The activated sludge respiration inhibition test was successful in measuring AMD toxicity, and for deriving toxicity threshold levels for the basic heterotrophic community in surface waters. However, it is a very time-consuming technique and is not sensitive enough to be used as a routine screening technique. The variability in toxicity was found to be due to the availability of metals as well as the effect of pH on metabolism. Simple linear models were derived to estimate inhibition within surface waters. Prediction of the inhibition caused by AMD can be made as long as the pH of the river water after mixing and the dilution of the AMD are known. Most accurate predictions are made using equations for specific pH ranges, but a useful estimation of inhibition can be obtained using the general equation: inhibition (%) = -2.34 pH + 6.41 AMD (%) + 22.1. The Microtox® Bioassay method, although expensive, was rapid and simple to use. It was the most sensitive test of the three, with the toxic response of marine bacteria increasing notably from 5 to 15 min due to the presence of bivalent metals in the toxicant. The problem of repeatability and reproducibility encountered with the activated sludge inhibition test was overcome with the highly standardised Microtox® method, making it an ideal screening method for AMD. However, the advantage of the activated sludge inhibition test is that the types of heterotrophic micro-organisms found in activated sludge are similar to those found in receiving waters such as the Avoca River and so more meaningful toxicity threshold values can be obtained.     

泥沙对黄河水质参数COD、高锰酸钾指数和BOD5的影响——三论黄河的COD值与高锰酸钾指数不能真实反映其污染状况

研究了黄河泥沙含量与COD、高锰酸盐指数和BOD5等水质参数间的关系,揭示了当前黄河COD和高锰酸盐指数监测与评价中存在的问题.结果表明,在上述3个描述耗氧有机物污染程度的参数中,BOD5能真实地反映黄河的有机污染状况,而COD和高锰酸盐指数,不论是用含泥沙的浑水样品测得的数值,还是用滤除掉泥沙的清水样品测得的数值,均在相当程度上夸大了黄河的水污染程度.这种夸大作用在未污染和轻污染河段尤为显著.作者认为,在使用COD和高锰酸盐指数等参数对黄河水质进行评价时,不宜使用直接测得的数值,而应使用经"泥沙有机质本底量"校正的数值.     

浅谈生物化学需氧量质控考核

简要概述了在环境监测质量控制考核中,如何保证生物化学需氧量测定的可靠性和准确性.     

近年来国内稀释法测定BOD5研究进展

论述了近年来国内在稀释测定生化需氧量（ＢＯＤ５）中有关稀释倍数的研究成果；分析评价了一些确定稀释倍数的数理公式；总结了稀释法测定ＢＯＤ５的基本要求。     

生化需氧量智能生物检测仪在废水控制分析中的应用

为解决快速测量生化需氧量，生化需氧量智能生物检测仪对多种废水的实际测定表明，操作简单，测量周期为３０ｍｉｎ，精密度为±１０％左右，特别适用于污水处理中控制分析及批量样品的分析测定。     

抗生素废水BOD5的测定误差分析

就抗生素废水BOD5测定误差问题进行探讨,并摸索出一种行之有效的测定方法,采用特殊菌种培养后测定,与CODCr具有良好的相关性,能够客观反映出抗生素废水的有机污染程度.