试析清代北京地区政府救灾组织系统的主要特点

清代建都北京,在这里实行特殊的行政管理制度,与之相适应,救灾组织系统也与各地不同。清代北京地区政府救灾组织系统的主要特点有三：一是旗、汉分城办理。清初实行的旗、汉分城居住政策,导致北京城市居址环境的变迁。内城八旗救灾事务由八旗都统负责,外五城救灾事务由五城察院负责。这一特点既与清代逐渐演变形成的特殊官制有关,又与中央集...     

Beijing's Water Resources: Challenges and Solutions

Beijing's local water resources have been overexploited and the ecological and environmental pressures exceed the carrying capacity of this densely populated megacity. This article examines the current status of Beijing's water resources with respect to its industrial, residential, and eco‐environmental water usage and the challenges it may face in the near future. The article describes the context of water uses, the steps taken by Beijing to alleviate the water shortage problems, and challenges to Beijing's abilities to meet its urgent and future water needs. A multipronged strategy is proposed that aims at both the present problems and the anticipated future challenges. In particular, engineering and institutional approaches for Beijing's successful transition from overexploitation to sustainable utilization of water resources are explained. Actions include reasonable water utilization, water conservation, reclaimed wastewater, and importing water from neighboring areas. We conclude that Beijing must take additional steps in water resource management to ensure its sustainable development that involves continued urbanization sprawls and population growth. Future water resource management strategies should focus on strengthening water demand management through water conservation, efficient interbasin water transfers, use of nontraditional water resources, strategically reserving water supply, and promoting rehabilitation of the eco‐environments.     

APEC会议期间北京机动车排放控制效果评估

机动车尾气排放是影响北京市大气环境质量的首要因素,为了保障APEC期间的空气质量,北京市采取了包括控制机动车排放在内的严格的控制措施.本研究基于路网车流量、车速和车型变化数据,提出了一种基于自下而上排放清单的控制措施效果评估方法.结果表明,APEC会议期间北京市路网车流量下降,车速上升,小客车的车流量下降幅度最大;APEC会议期间机动车尾气CO、NO_x、HC和PM排放削减比例分别为:快速路15.1%、22.4%、18.4%和21.8%,主干道29.9%、36.4%、32.7%和35.8%,次干道35.7%、41.7%、38.4%和41.2%,支路40.8%、46.5%、43.1%和46.0%.基于自下而上的排放清单方法,建立了APEC会前和会期的机动车尾气排放清单,结果显示研究区域内会期机动车尾气排放量CO、NO_x、HC和PM排放量分别削减37.5%、43.4%、39.9%和42.9%.     

京津冀冬季与夏季PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)及其水溶性离子组分区域性污染特征分析

为研究京津冀地区冬、夏两季大气颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月对北京、天津、石家庄及4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,分析了质量浓度及9种水溶性离子,结果表明:(1)京津冀地区颗粒物污染冬季重于夏季,冬季污染水平石家庄天津北京,夏季污染天津、北京石家庄,区域内PM2.5与PM10之间有很好的相关性,相关系数r冬季为0.8796,夏季为0.8424,说明整个区域颗粒物污染有较为相近的来源,大气颗粒物污染表现出区域性特征;(2)京津冀地区PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子浓度规律为NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4Cl-、Ca2+K+、Na+F-、Mg2+.该地区水溶性离子污染冬季最重为石家庄,夏季则为北京;(3)在京津冀地区二次离子NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4是主要的污染离子,3种离子质量浓度总和在PM2.5、PM10中冬季分别占48.9%、27.8%,夏季分别占58.7%、48.5%.二次离子主要集中在PM2.5中,其对细离子浓度的升高起到直接作用,且二次离子的构成关系也在发生变化.整个区域向硝酸型污染转变,二次离子的季节分布也呈现区域特征,冬季NO-3离子质量浓度比重最大.夏季则为SO2-4;(4)粒径越小富集水溶性离子的能力越强,在PM1中分布了50%以上的水溶性离子,73.9%—94.8%的水溶性离子分布在PM2.5中.     

Physico-chemical characterization and source tracking of black carbon at a suburban site in Beijing

Particles from ambient air and combustion sources including vehicle emission, coal combustion and biomass burning were collected and chemically pretreated with the purpose of obtaining isolated BC (black carbon) samples. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) results indicate that BC from combustion sources shows various patterns, and airborne BC appears spherical and about 50 nm in diameter with a homogeneous surface and turbostratic structure. The BET (Barrett–Emmett–Teller) results suggest that the surface areas of these BC particles fall in the range of 3–23 m²/g, with a total pore volume of 0.03–0.05 cm³/g and a mean pore diameter of 7–53 nm. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms are indicative of the accumulation mode and uniform pore size. O₂-TPO (temperature programmed oxidation) profiles suggest that the airborne BC oxidation could be classified as the oxidation of amorphous carbon, which falls in the range of 406–490°C with peaks at 418, 423 and 475°C, respectively. Generally, the BC characteristics and source analysis suggest that airborne BC most likely comes from diesel vehicle emission at this site.     

北京城区大气PM_(2.5)主要化学组分及污染特征

为了解北京城区大气PM2.5主要化学组成特征,于2012年8月─2013年7月对城区石景山、东四和通州3个采样点及城区对照点定陵和区域传输点榆垡开展为期1 a的PM2.5组分研究,共获得268组样品.结果表明:城区平均质量浓度大于1.0μg/m3的组分有OC、NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、EC、Cl-、Si、Ca、Al、K+,其中ρ(OC)、ρ(NO3-)、ρ(SO42-)、ρ(NH4+)分别为(22.2±17.1)、(21.5±25.9)、(19.8±23.7)、(14.3±16.8)μg/m3,分别占ρ(PM2.5)的17.9%、17.3%、15.9%、11.5%,城区各主要组分的平均质量浓度明显大于对照点;城区各采样点之间主要组分所占比例相差不大,与城区对照点、区域传输点差异明显;春、夏、秋、冬四季城区采样点的主要组分均为OC、NO3-、SO42-、NH4+,这4种组分质量浓度之和分别占各季ρ(PM2.5)的62.5%、54.2%、46.0%、62.7%,其中春季ρ(NO3-)、夏季ρ(SO42-)、秋冬季的ρ(OC)相对较高;北京城区各采样点均受SOC影响较大,OC/EC〔ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)〕的平均值为5.7,城区SNA(二次无机气溶胶)占ρ(PM2.5)的比例(15.0%~53.1%)和NO3-/SO42-〔ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO42-)〕(0.47~1.36)均随空气质量指数上升而增加,同时观测期间北京城区PM2.5中NO3-/SO42-的平均值为1.14,较往年明显增大,表明目前北京城区的PM2.5排放源逐步由以固定源为主向固定源和移动源并重的方向发展.     

Particle size distribution and characteristics of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments from Beijing Olympic Park

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals in road-deposited sediments(RDSs) of parks are emitted into the terrestrial, atmospheric, and water environment, and have a severe impact on residents' and tourists' health. To identify the distribution and characteristic of heavy metals in RDS and to assess the road environmental quality in Chinese parks, samples were collected from Beijing Olympic Park in the present study. The results indicated that particles with small grain size(150 μm) were the dominant fraction. The length of dry period was one of the main factors affecting the particle size distribution, as indicated by the variation of size fraction with the increase of dry days. The amount of heavy metal(i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) content was the largest in particles with small size(150 μm) among all samples. Specifically, the percentage of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in these particles was 74.7%, 55.5%, 56.6% and 71.3%, respectively.Heavy metals adsorbed in sediments may mainly be contributed by road traffic emissions. The contamination levels of Pb and Cd were higher than Cu and Zn on the basis of the mean heavy metal contents. Specifically, the geoaccumulation index(I geo) decreased in the order:CdPbCuZn. This study analyzed the mobility of heavy metals in sediments using partial sequential extraction with the Tessier procedure. The results revealed that the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments, based on the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, decreased in the order: CdZn≈PbCu.     

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM10 and PM1.8mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m~3, respectively,throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM1.8/PM10 ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM(organic matter = 1.6 × OC(organic carbon)) and SIA(secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca_2+were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA(secondary organic aerosol) and SIA,accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of(NH_4)_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, Ca SO_4, Na_2SO_4 and K_2SO_4, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖污染现状及防治对策研究

畜禽养殖业产生的畜禽粪污对空气、土壤、地表水及地下水均会造成污染.调研了北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖业现状,分析了其污染空间分布及粪污处理方式,并提出了畜禽养殖存在的主要问题.结合国内外研究及北运河流域(北京段)概况,从布局、粪污处理、资金投入等方面提出了应对措施与建议,为环境管理部门开展畜禽养殖污染防治提供借鉴与参考.     

基于子流域的北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖空间布局研究

根据北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖业污染特点及其粪便与农作物养分供求关系,采用养分平衡法对各子流域畜禽养殖粪便养分实际排放量、实际负荷量、主要作物最大养分需求量、作物所需畜禽粪便养分最大负荷量、畜禽养殖承载力进行了核算,结果表明北运河干流、沙河流域、温榆河干流、凉水河流域和蔺沟河流域的畜禽实际承载量已超过畜禽土地承载力,研究结果对于环境部门加强畜禽养殖污染防治和农业部门合理进行农业规划有重要参考意义.