Ti(IV)与铜离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石薄膜弱紫外光杀菌研究

采用共沉淀水热合成和离子交换的方法,制备了钛与铜离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2:HAP)(HAPTiCu),以大肠杆菌为目标物,研究了不同材料负载的多孔镍网薄膜在弱紫外光下的杀菌活性.结果表明,HAPTiCu在弱紫外光下具有高效杀菌效率,并远远高于HAPTi和P25TiO2薄膜.这主要是铜离子的抗菌与光催化分解细菌的协同作用的结果.电子自旋共振(ESR)研究表明杀菌反应的主要活性物种是O-2·.HAPTiCu薄膜释放的铜离子在光催化杀菌反应过程中,被光催化还原沉积在表面,导致了较低的铜离子溶出,从而保证了材料的稳定性.     

Visible light induces bacteria to produce superoxide for manganese oxidation

● Term of manganese-oxidizing microorganisms should be reconsidered. ● Visible light induces heterotrophic bacteria to produce superoxide. ● Heterotrophic bacteria oxidize Mn(II) ions with a fast oxidation rate. ● Superoxide oxidizing Mn(II) ions is an unintended side reaction of bacteria. ● Superoxide is an important oxidation force of Mn(II) in the environment. Manganese oxides are widely distributed in soils and sediments, affecting the migration and transformation of heavy metals and organic pollutants. The microbial conversion of soluble Mn(II) into insoluble Mn(III/IV) oxides is considered to be the initial source of manganese oxides in the environment; however, whether this process is related to a physiological role remains unclear. Here, we explored the microbial manganese oxidation process under visible light by using coastal surface seawater microorganisms. Visible light greatly promotes the oxidation rate of Mn(II), and the average rate reaches 64 μmol/(L·d). The generated manganese oxides were then conducive to Mn(II) oxidation, thus the rapid manganese oxidation was the result of the combined action of biotic and abiotic, and biological function accounts for 88 % ± 4 %. Extracellular superoxide produced by microorganisms induced by visible light is the decisive factor for the rapid manganese oxidation in our study. But the production of these superoxides does not require the presence of Mn(II) ions, the Mn(II) oxidation process was more like an unintentional side reaction, which did not affect the growth of microorganisms. More than 70 % of heterotrophic microorganisms in nature are capable of producing superoxide, based on the oxidizing properties of free radicals, all these bacteria can participate in the geochemical cycle of manganese. What’s more, the superoxide oxidation pathway might be a significant natural source of manganese oxide.     

佛山市发展公交车尾气削减潜力分析

采用COPERTⅣ模型计算佛山市公交车、摩托车和小型客车排放因子,结合保有量、年平均行驶里程计算其排放量,对佛山市公交车出行环境效果及尾气削减潜力进行情景分析。结果表明:2011年佛山市公交车CO、VOC、NOx和PM的排放量为804.57、283.85、3 365.32和73.00 t。单人单次公交车出行CO和VOC的排放量较摩托车和小型客车低,但NOx则较高。公交车载客人数从17人上升至25、35、45人,单人单次出行每公里排放量分别下降32.00%、51.43%和57.50%。佛山市低排放标准的柴油公交车全部更换成国Ⅳ排放标准柴油车,CO、VOC、NOx和PM的年排放量分别削减611.66、151.6、1 231.18和58.39 t。EEV标准天然气公交车替代柴油公交车可减少NOx和PM的排放,但对VOC的削减并无优势。佛山市现有柴油公交车更换成EEV标准天然气公交车,CO、NOx和PM的年排放量分别削减293.71 t、2 086.87 t和70.34 t,但VOC的年排放量升高228.01 t。     

广州市机动车尾气排放特征研究

文章利用COPERT IV模型计算广州市机动车尾气排放因子,结合机动车保有量和构成,获得2008年广州市机动车尾气排放总量并对排放因子的速度敏感性,以及不同车型、不同排放标准、不同燃料类型机动车排放特征进行了分析。结果表明:2008年广州市机动车CO、NOX、VOC和PM的排放总量分别为138 772.42 t、80 868.69 t、24 907.26 t和3 171.97 t。摩托车和小客车是CO和VOC的主要贡献车型,贡献率总和分别达到78.31%和70.52%;而作为NOX和PM的主要贡献车型,大客车和重型货车的贡献率总和分别达到78.94%和83.72%。国0标准机动车排放水平高于其他排放标准的车型,CO和VOC的排放分担率接近于保有量比例的2倍。汽油车是CO和VOC的主要贡献车型,其排放贡献率超过80%;而PM排放主要以柴油车为主;柴油车的NOX排放总量高,接近于汽油车的2倍。     

北京市机动车尾气排放因子研究

通过调研北京市机动车车型构成、车辆行驶工况、环境温度、油品品质等基础数据,利用COPERTⅣ模型计算了机动车尾气中CO、NOx、HC和PM的排放因子.应用车载测试系统对典型轻型汽油客车和柴油货车的实际道路排放因子进行测量,并将测量结果与模型计算结果对比,结果发现国Ⅳ标准下,轻型汽油客车的CO排放因子的实测数据是模型数据的0.96倍,NOx的实测数据是模型数据的0.64倍,HC的实测数据是模型数据的4.89倍.对于国Ⅲ排放标准的柴油货车,轻型、中型和重型货车的CO排放因子,实测数据分别是模型数据的1.61、1.07和1.76倍,NOx排放因子的实测数据是模型数据的1.04、1.21和1.18倍,HC排放因子的实测数据是模型数据的3.75、1.84和1.47倍,PM排放因子则为模型数据是实测数据的1.31、3.42和6.42倍.     

Determination of total chromium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation by cerium (IV) hydroxide

A method for the preconcentration of the total chromium based on coprecipitation with cerium (IV) hydroxide is proposed for determination of chromium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Different factors including carrier element amount, pH, sample volume and matrix ion effects for the precipitation were examined. The detection limit of the total chromium (k = 3, N = 15) was 0.18 μg l⁻¹. The presented method was applied for the determination of chromium in the wastewater samples from Kayseri and Nigde Organized Industrial Region-Turkey and in drinking water from our laboratory, Kayseri with satisfactory results (relative standard deviations below 8%, recoveries 95%). The analytical results obtained by the proposed method for certified copper sample was in good agreement with the certified value.     

Migration of uranium(IV)/(VI) in the presence of humic acids in quartz sand: a laboratory column study

The migration behavior of U(IV) and U(VI) in the presence of humic acid was studied in a quartz sand system. Laboratory column experiments were performed using humic acid, U(VI) in humic acid absence, U(IV) and U(VI) in humic acid presence, and for comparison a conservative tracer. In experiments using humic acid, both redox species of U migrate nearly as fast as the conservative tracer. Humic acid accelerates the U(VI) breakthrough compared to the humic acid-free system. There are strong indications for a similar effect on the U(IV) transport. At the same time, a part of U(IV) and U(VI) associated with the humic acid is immobilized in the quartz sand due to humic colloid filtration thus producing a delaying effect. Tailing at a low concentration level was observed upon tracer elution. The experimental breakthrough curves were described by reactive transport modeling using equations for equilibrium and kinetic reactions. The present study demonstrates that humic acids can play an important role in the migration of actinides. As natural organic matter is ubiquitous in aquifer systems, the humic colloid-borne transport of actinides is of high relevance in performance assessment.     

异化Mn(IV)还原菌激活及其对有机药物去除

以嘉陵江沉积物为菌源,利用荧光绝对定量（qPCR）技术探究了不同碳源（葡萄糖和乙酸钠）和不同形态的锰氧化物（δ-MnO₂和锰矿粉）对异化Mn（IV）还原菌激活效果的影响.在此基础上,研究了激活效果最佳的异化Mn（IV）还原菌对卡马西平、布洛芬、萘普生、雌激素和双氯芬酸5种有机药物的去除效果.结果表明,葡萄糖作为碳源,δ-MnO₂作为电子受体时激活效果最佳,Mn²⁺10d累计生成浓度达416.03mg/L,TOC消耗率达88.24%.激活后的异化金属还原菌在有无外加碳源时对卡马西平和布洛芬均无明显去除,对萘普生在外加碳源时能实现11.88%的去除.雌二醇和双氯芬酸可以作为异化Mn（IV）还原菌唯一碳源,其去除率可达75.70%和58.25%.     

云下降雨洗脱痕量气体时S(IV)的液相氧化过程

用数值模拟跟踪S(Ⅳ)氧化生成SO_4~2的行为,研究SO_2及NH_3等气体浓度、降雨酸度、雨滴大小、持续降雨时间等因素对四个氧化途径(O_3氧化,H_2O_2酸催化氧化;Mn~(2+),Fe~(3+)催化氧化;降落到地面后S(Ⅳ)的氧化)的影响。 计算结果表明,我国北方地区云下降雨洗脱SO_2等痕量气体时,降雨中四个氧化途径都起作用,而以O_3氧化过程为主,在西南地区,首先是O_3氧化S(Ⅳ)起主要作用,而降雨的进一步酸化则是H_2O_2酸催化氧化S(Ⅳ),降雨过程中Mn~(2+),Fe~(3+)催化氧化S(Ⅳ)不是最主要途径。     

The performance evaluation of WinOSPM model for urban street canyons of Nantes in France

Air quality modelling is primarily the quantative approach. It is more difficult as it demands input data accuracy, uncertainties and the efficient methodologies to judge the extent of models accuracy. As a result, model validation has to be regarded as an integral part of the modelling process. Furthermore, models are often validated on a limited number of testcases therefore, appropriate evaluation procedure must be implemented to ensure these models will be applicable for various conditions. The study presented here was carried out to evaluate theWinOSPM (Preliminary version of windows based Operational Street Pollution Model) for air pollutants viz. CO, NO, NO₂, NO_x and C₆H₆ for three street canyons of Nantes (France) and for the three base years 1999, 2000, and 2001. Each street canyon selected for this study has typical and unidentical features. The rue de Strasbourg and Boulevard Victor Hugo have many building exceptions whereas rue Crébillon has not any. Application of the model above to the three street canyons revealed that WinOSPM could be used in the case when measurements are not available. This was justified from the results at rue Crébillon. The special interest was in the benzene modelled values as its content in fuel has been targeted to reduce to 1% for the years 2000 and onwards (from its 5% until the year 1999). The 50 to 70% reduction in the benzene concentrations is found for both the years i.e. in 2000 and 2001. This has further justified that air quality models are useful and interesting tools in optimising emission reduction strategies. Moreover, it is also the new pollutant added to the measurement campaign of Air Pays de la Loire (APL) for the city of Nantes. For benzene weekly averages are estimated from the hourly-modelled values for all the streets and compared with that of measurements. They are found in excellent agreement with each others. For other pollutants annual means and percentiles were compared. The statistical analysis was done to evaluate the models performance using index of agreement and correlation coefficient. The index of agreement (d) and correlation coefficient (r) for all the streets show that estimated concentration levels are in good agreement with that of measurements. From the index of agreements, it can be inferred that model has very less potential for errors. The models sensitivity to building-exceptions was also tested for the rue de Strasbourg. Results did not reflect this feature very well. It is perceived that the influence of this feature might have been suppressed in averaging the annual hourly values. This influence is apparently seen in hourly average time series variations. Finally, WinOSPM model was found a simple but very useful model. It could very well represent the detailed flow and dispersion conditions in urban streets.