利用IVE模型建立成都市轻型汽油客车排放清单

城市机动车污染物排放清单的建立是控制机动车污染的关键.本研究以2012年为基准年,通过对成都市轻型汽油客车技术水平分布、活动水平和保有量等数据的调查,将IVE模型本地化,计算了成都市2012年轻型汽油客车VOCs、PM、NOx、CO的排放清单,并分析了清单的不确定性.结果表明:成都市2012年轻型汽油客车排放的VOCs、PM、NOx和CO分别为2.23×104t、1.6×102t、1.26×104t和2.03×105t;轻型汽油客车中黄标车VOCs、PM、NOx、CO的排放量分别占排放总量的27.5%、18.1%、37.2%和42.5%,表明黄标车是轻型汽油客车污染物排放的主要来源;排放清单的不确定性主要来自于排放因子,VOCs、PM、NOx和CO清单的不确定性分别为-31.67%~32.35%、-54.75%~55.09%、-6.56%~6.76%和-12.22%~12.51%.     

天津市机动车尾气排放因子研究

通过调查研究天津市机动车车型构成、保有量、车辆行驶状况、气象数据和油品等基础数据,利用COPERT IV模型计算了在国1、国2、国3、国4和国5排放标准下机动车尾气中CO、NO_x、VOC和PM_(2.5)的排放因子.应用车载测试系统在实际道路上对国4柴油货车的排放因子进行了测量,并将模型结果与实测结果进行了比较,研究表明,国4排放标准下,污染物排放实测数据普遍高于模型模拟数据.对于轻型载货柴油车而言,实际道路测量的CO、NO_x、VOC和PM_(2.5)的排放因子分别是模型模拟数据的2.5、4.3、1.9和1.2倍;对于中型载货柴油车而言,以上污染物的实测排放因子分别是模型的1.3、2.1、1.0和1.2倍;对于重型载货柴油车而言,以上污染物的实测排放因子分别是模型的1.7、1.9、1.1和1.2倍.     

丹东市机动车尾气污染现状与控制措施

调查和研究了9种车型：轿车、出租车、摩托车、中型客车、小型面包车、大公共汽车、轻型货车、中型货车、重型货车的汽油和柴油的NOx，CO、HC、SO2、PM10污染排放量及分别在主干线、次干线、支路、街巷路中每条路段不同时间车流量密度及利用排放因子，求出每条路段机动车污染物排放量。同时分别汇总主干线、次干线、支路、街巷路中9种车型车流量密度及污染物排放量，最后估算出污染物排放总量。     

红河州机动车污染物排放特征研究

基于《道路机动车大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南》建立了红河州2019年机动车排放清单。结果表明:2019年红河州CO、HC、NOx、PM2. 5、PM10和SO2排放总量分别为29494、11908、13259、273、301和138t/a。机动车污染物分担率差别显著,小型汽油载客车、轻型汽油载货车和摩托车是CO的主要排放来源,小型汽油载客车和摩托车对HC排放贡献最大,对NOx、PM2. 5和PM10贡献最大的是大型柴油载货车。汽油车是CO和HC机动车污染物排放的主要贡献源,其排放量分别占排放总量的82. 01%和96. 64%,柴油车是NOx、PM2. 5和PM10的主要贡献源。     

运用CMEM模型计算北京市机动车排放因子

采用由美国加州大学Riverside分校开发的综合模式排放模型(CMEM)分析和研究北京市机动车污染物的排放特征,以9辆代表北京市典型技术类型的轻型机动车为实验车辆,收集了运行CMEM模型所需要的数据和参数.通过CMEM模型Access 2.02版本计算,得到了在不同交通行驶状况下北京市4类典型轻型机动车的CO2,CO,HC,NOx单车排放因子及各车型综合排放因子.通过与同一车辆的在路实测排放因子比较发现,用CMEM模型计算的CO,HC和NOx与实测排放因子及排放特征有较好的一致性,因此适用于计算北京市机动车CO,HC和NOx排放因子.      

西安市机动车尾气排放特征分析

根据车辆类型及排放因子计算西安市机动车尾气污染物排放CO、碳氢化合物(HC)、氮氧化物(NOx)及颗粒物(PM)的特征。结果显示,机动车排放污染物中一氧化碳含量远大于其他三者。CO和HC主要来自客车,尤其是小型客车,而颗粒物主要由重型货车排放;超过80%的CO和HC来自汽油车,而超过90%的PM排放来自柴油车;国Ⅰ前汽车在西安市汽车保有量中仅占3.48%,而四种污染物排放量在的比例分别为33.55%、29.68%、11.92%和21.43%。为减少机动车尾气污染物的排放,建议淘汰国Ⅰ前车辆,对柴油车尾气加强处理。     

中国机动车污染物排放因子及其修正方法研究

中国机动车污染物排放已成为影响空气质量的重要源。机动车污染的研究中,排放因子的确定是关键。根据机动车使用状况,车用燃料硫含量和行驶状况,运用MOBILE6．2的方法和原理确定了中国各类型机动车HC、CO、NOx的综合排放因子。小型汽油客车国0阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为34．29g／km、3．45g／km和0．856g／km;国Ⅰ阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为2．80g／km、0．25g/km和0．40g／km;国Ⅱ阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为1．39g／km、0．16g／km和0．09g／km。     

乌鲁木齐市区机动车污染物排放特征研究

选择乌鲁木齐市125条道路调研测试得来的数据分析了乌鲁木齐市在用机动车的行驶分布的规律、污染物的排放特点和机动车道路的行驶特点。然后使用COPERT本地化模型计算CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的排放因子,并计算了2012年CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的排放量。通过估算得到2012年乌鲁木齐市机动车CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的排放量分别为94 087,17 886,25 079,1 489 t。柴油机动车对NOx、PM的排放分担比率较大,而柴油机动车的保有量的贡献比率偏低;柴油汽车的CO、NMVOC的保有量的贡献比率跟它的排放分担率相比,贡献率要大;占保有量22.3%的国Ⅰ、国Ⅰ前标准的机动车辆对机动车CO、NMVOC、NOx、PM的排放分担比率分别为50.5%、41.0%、51.5%和55.0%;占保有量64.3%的国Ⅲ、和国Ⅳ车辆对CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的贡献率分别为35.2%、42.7%、35.6%和33.9%。     

不同排放标准下大型柴油客车实测排放因子与MOBILE6预测值的对比分析

在利用先进的车载尾气检测技术（PEMS）收集了我国大型柴油客车尾气的实时排放数据的基础上,分析了不同排放标准下车辆（国Ⅰ、国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ）的CO、HC、NOx和PM排放因子与速度的关系;使用MOBILE6模型,经过模型参数校正,预测了相应车辆的排放因子,并与不同排放标准下的车辆排放实测值进行对比,从而验证了MOBILE6模型对我国大型柴油客车尾气排放预测的适用性。     

杭州市机动车污染物排放清单的建立

基于调研的基础数据,运用修正后的IVE排放模型及GIS系统建立了杭州市2010年1km×1km的高时空分辨率的机动车排放清单.结果表明,2010年杭州市机动车污染物CO、HC、NOx、PM的年排放量分别为44.06,2.31,4.43,0.65万t,主要来自线源道路的排放.各车型污染物分担率各不相同,汽油乘用车和公交车排放CO和HC最大,柴油重型货车和公交车是NOx和PM排放的主要来源,两种燃油下的机动车排放差异十分明显.机动车污染排放与路网密集程度及道路长度密切相关,因此西湖区和江干区排放总量远远高出其他区域.机动车各污染物排放强度空间分布均呈现由城市中心向城市边缘的递减趋势,各污染物中心城区排放量占总排量的70%以上.机动车污染物排放日变化十分明显,与人群出行规律有极大的相关性.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.