金华市人为源大气污染物排放清单

该文基于对金华市大气污染排放源的摸底调查,基础数据收集和分析,结合国内外的研究结果,采用"自下而上"为主的排放系数法,建立了2013年金华市人为源大气污染物排放清单。该清单涉及的污染物包括SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、VOC和NH_3。人为污染源种类包括电厂源、工业源、移动源、扬尘源、VOC相关源及其他污染源,农业源,居民生活源等。结果表明,金华市2013年大气污染源SO_2排放总量约为3.83万t,NO_x约为7.75万t、CO约为12.50万t、PM_(10)约为4.10万t,PM_(2.5)约为1.88万t、VOC约为7.66万t、NH_3约为2.63万t。从排放源的分担率来看,工业源是金华市大气污染物的最主要的排放源之一,对SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的贡献分别达到了67.31%、34.42%、30.39%、53.02%和50.95%。同样,道路移动源的贡献也不容忽视,对NO_x、CO、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的贡献分别达到了42.84%、34.13%、3.31%、6.55%。电厂锅炉、道路扬尘、工业溶剂使用、畜禽养殖对不同污染物分别有着重要贡献。电厂锅炉对SO_2、NO_x、CO的排放量分别贡献了29.06%、17.89%、9.73%。道路扬尘对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的贡献分别为25.68%和18.01%。工业溶剂对于VOC的贡献为32.65%。NH_3主要来自畜禽养殖,占了66.57%。该人为源大气污染物排放清单可为当地的污染防控提供重要的基础信息。     

长株潭区域机动车尾气排放清单及特征分析

通过建立2012年长株潭区域机动车尾气排放清单,分析了区域内机动车尾气排放特征,研究了排放的时空分配因子,并对清单进行了不确定性分析。结果表明:2012年长株潭区域道路机动车尾气CO、HC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、VOCs、NH_3排放量分别约为11.86、1.78、3.88、0.23、0.26、2.52、0.06万t。其中,载货汽车是NOx、PM、PM2.5的主要贡献源,载客汽车和摩托车是CO主要贡献源,摩托车是VOCs的主要贡献源,而载客汽车是NH3的主要贡献源。国I前标准车辆对CO、HC、VOCs的贡献率分别约为33.5%、31.8%、53.9%,国I标准车辆CO、HC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、VOCs、NH_3的贡献率分别约为38.6%、40.4%、47.4%、54.1%、54.1%、17.1%、16.2%,均高于车辆保有量的占有率,因此控制尾气排放应从国I前、国I车入手。此外,一周中工作日,每天08:00和17:00排放量占比较大,城区的空间分配因子明显高于郊区及乡镇区域,城镇居民使用车量对机动车尾气排放量影响较大。道路机动车排放清单估算过程中不确定性主要来自活动水平数据,尤其是平均行驶里程的选取上。     

中国国道和省道机动车尾气排放特征

近年来,随着我国机动车保有量的持续增长,机动车排放已成为我国重要的大气污染物来源之一.现有的机动车排放研究多关注城市内的机动车大气污染物排放,针对城市间的大气污染物排放研究较少.我国城市间交通道路主要包括国道和省道,截止至2015年我国国道里程18.53万km、省道里程32.97万km,约占全国等级公路总里程的13%,因此开展我国国道和省道机动车大气污染物排放研究十分重要.本研究基于全国国道和省道交通监测站的年均监测数据,采用环境保护部发布的《道路机动车大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》中的指导方法,计算了2015年我国国道和省道机动车的大气污染物排放清单,分析了污染物排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,我国国道和省道公路机动车排放的一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、颗粒物(PM)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放量分别占全国机动车污染物总排放量的4.5%、27.9%、14.4%和7.7%;不同车型对国道和省道机动车大气污染物排放的分担率不同,其中大货车是NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的主要来源,摩托车是CO和HC的主要来源;不同道路类型中各车型的大气污染物排放分担率也不同,如高速路上大货车是NO_x、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的主要来源,普通道路上大客车和大货车是NO_x、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的主要来源.     

基于交通流的成都市高分辨率机动车排放清单建立

提出一种基于交通流监测数据的道路机动车高分辨率排放清单建立方法,对成都市道路交通流特征进行分析并建立了成都市机动车尾气高分辨率排放清单.结果表明,成都市道路车流量及排放均呈现明显的"双峰"分布,早晚高峰时段机动车通行量占全天的39.85%,车队结构中排放标准以国Ⅳ车为主,车辆类型以小型车为主,燃料类型以汽油车为主;道路机动车SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC和VOCs(不含驻车蒸发)日排放量分别为3.89、 162.08、 324.11、 4.79、 4.36、 1.89、 0.78和44.37 t,空间分布整体呈现从城市中心到外围排放强度逐渐降低趋势,时间分布基本呈现"双峰"分布,颗粒物相关指标受货车流量影响较大; NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、BC和OC主要来源为大型柴油车,CO主要来源为小型汽油车,其中大型车对NO_x的贡献率达80%;基于保有量的计算方法对成都市道路机动车污染物排放存在一定高估,高估比例在1%～30%.     

北京市机动车尾气排放因子研究

通过调研北京市机动车车型构成、车辆行驶工况、环境温度、油品品质等基础数据,利用COPERTⅣ模型计算了机动车尾气中CO、NOx、HC和PM的排放因子.应用车载测试系统对典型轻型汽油客车和柴油货车的实际道路排放因子进行测量,并将测量结果与模型计算结果对比,结果发现国Ⅳ标准下,轻型汽油客车的CO排放因子的实测数据是模型数据的0.96倍,NOx的实测数据是模型数据的0.64倍,HC的实测数据是模型数据的4.89倍.对于国Ⅲ排放标准的柴油货车,轻型、中型和重型货车的CO排放因子,实测数据分别是模型数据的1.61、1.07和1.76倍,NOx排放因子的实测数据是模型数据的1.04、1.21和1.18倍,HC排放因子的实测数据是模型数据的3.75、1.84和1.47倍,PM排放因子则为模型数据是实测数据的1.31、3.42和6.42倍.     

广州市机动车尾气排放特征研究

文章利用COPERT IV模型计算广州市机动车尾气排放因子,结合机动车保有量和构成,获得2008年广州市机动车尾气排放总量并对排放因子的速度敏感性,以及不同车型、不同排放标准、不同燃料类型机动车排放特征进行了分析。结果表明:2008年广州市机动车CO、NOX、VOC和PM的排放总量分别为138 772.42 t、80 868.69 t、24 907.26 t和3 171.97 t。摩托车和小客车是CO和VOC的主要贡献车型,贡献率总和分别达到78.31%和70.52%;而作为NOX和PM的主要贡献车型,大客车和重型货车的贡献率总和分别达到78.94%和83.72%。国0标准机动车排放水平高于其他排放标准的车型,CO和VOC的排放分担率接近于保有量比例的2倍。汽油车是CO和VOC的主要贡献车型,其排放贡献率超过80%;而PM排放主要以柴油车为主;柴油车的NOX排放总量高,接近于汽油车的2倍。     

南昌市固定燃烧点源大气污染物排放清单及特征

大气污染物排放清单是了解区域污染物排放特征、准确模拟空气质量的重要资料,而工业点源是大气污染的重点排放源.通过收集相关活动水平信息和合理的排放因子,采用"自下而上"的方法建立了南昌市2014年点源大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和VOC排放总量分别为29576.2、17115.1、25946.6、4689.4、922.9和1190.4 t,其中,金属炼制行业对SO_2、CO和VOC的贡献最高,分别占37.75%、30.59%和38.45%;火电行业是NO_x的主要来源,其贡献率为47%;水泥等建材制造行业对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)排放贡献最高,分别为26%和25%.根据排放源污染物排放量及地理坐标信息,建立了0.4 km×0.4 km的污染物排放量空间分布特征图,结果表明,南昌市大气污染物排放较为集中,青山湖区北部和新建区北部是SO_2、NO_x、CO和VOC的主要排放区,而PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放量相对分散,并在安义县出现排放高值区.通过将计算结果与统计数据结果进行对比,了解所估算清单的准确程度.对SO_2和NO_x的计算值和统计值进行统计分析,结果显示,NMB(标准化平均偏差)和NME(标准化平均误差)值均小于50%,清单计算精度较高.同时,为了解清单数据质量,对清单的不确定性进行定量分析,结果显示,SO_2和VOC不确定性较低而PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的不确定性相对较高,清单整体不确定性与其他研究结果相差不大.建议后期研究可以从提升基础数据质量和建立具有区域代表性的排放因子数据库着手,从而减小排放量的不确定性,获得精准可靠的大气污染物清单并应用于空气质量模型预报等更深入的研究.     

长三角城市群机动车污染物排放清单建立及特征研究

为研究长三角城市群机动车污染物排放特征,本研究应用COPERTⅣ模型估算1999—2017年长三角城市群机动车污染物CO、NMVOC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO_2、CH_4、N_2O、NH_3和SO_2排放因子,建立排放清单,并对其排放特征展开分析,结果表明:1999—2017年不同污染物时间变化趋势存在差异,污染物CO、NMVOC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和CH_4排放量呈现先增长后下降的趋势,但开始下降的年份不同,CO_2和NH_3排放量增长趋势显著,2017年相对于1999年分别增加621%和3925%,N_2O和SO_2排放量总体呈上升趋势并在特定年份下降明显;污染物排放空间分布与路网分布基本一致,沿海地区的排放强度要明显大于内陆地区,特别是长江下游、杭州湾和太湖附近的城市最为明显;轻型客车为污染物CO、NMVOC、CO_2、CH_4、N_2O和NH_3的主要贡献车型,重型货车和重型客车为污染物NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和SO_2主要贡献车型;长三角城市群各城市机动车污染物排放量的差别主要与各城市机动车保有量有关,上海市各污染物贡献率下降幅度明显,机动车污染物主要贡献城市除了省会城市和直辖市之外,其余城市的污染物排放也不容忽视.     

廊坊市区主要大气污染源排放清单的建立

通过调研、统计廊坊市区工业、城中村及机动车等资料,结合以往清单文献研究结果及清单编制指南中的排放因子,计算了廊坊市区主要大气污染物的排放量,得到廊坊市区2014年主要大气污染源排放清单.结果显示,2014年廊坊市区工业源(固定燃烧)NO_x、SO_2、NMVOC、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放总量分别为6.4×10~3、1.2×10~4、31、1.0×10~4、7.3×10~2、4.4×10~2t,其中热电行业排污贡献率最高,分别占NO_x、SO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)工业源(固定燃烧)年排放总量的55%、48%、67%、63%、69%;安次区工业企业对气态污染物贡献较高,广阳区及开发区工业企业对颗粒物排污贡献较大.低矮面源(城中村)NO_x、SO_2、NMVOC、CO、PM10、PM_(2.5)年排放总量分别为1.8×10~2、3.6×10~3、3.0、4.9×10~3、1.5×10~2、72 t.道路移动源CO、HC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)年排放总量分别为2.4×10~4、1.9×10~3、2.2×10~3、44 t,其中小型客车对HC和CO贡献率较高,分别为53%和61%;NO_x年排放总量中26%由重型货车贡献;PM_(2.5)则主要由轻型货车和重型货车贡献,占比分别为39%和21%.     

沈阳市国三和国四排放标准不同车型柴油车PM2.5和PM10排放因子及碳组分源谱

柴油车是机动车排放的大气颗粒物的主要来源,为研究沈阳市柴油车PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的排放因子及其碳组分排放特征,采用检车线车载测试方法采集了15辆国三和国四排放标准的小型、中型、大型载客和轻型、中型、重型载货柴油车尾气样品,并对其中的碳组分进行化学分析.结果表明,国三柴油车PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的排放因子分别为(0. 193±0. 092) g·km-1和(0. 338±0. 305) g·km-1,国四柴油车PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的排放因子分别为(0. 085±0. 038) g·km-1和(0. 100±0. 042) g·km-1,随排放标准的提升PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)排放因子显著下降.同一排放标准下,排放因子随车型的增大而增大. TC为柴油车的主要组分,国四柴油车中TC的质量分数(23%～48%)明显低于国三柴油车(29%～70%).各车型柴油车元素碳(EC)的质量分数均大于有机碳(OC),OC/EC为0. 70±0. 29,且国四柴油车OC/EC值低于国三柴油车.因载客汽车总行驶里程明显高于载货汽车导致油耗较高,相同排放标准载客汽车OC和EC的质量分数高于载货汽车.国三、国四柴油车质量分数最高的碳组分均为EC2,可将EC2作为柴油车的标识组分.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.