基于能值分析的崇明岛“社会-经济-自然”复合生态系统可持续性评估

运用能值分析的理论和方法，以中国第三大岛崇明岛为研究对象，定量分析和评价了1980～2003年岛内“社会-经济-自然”复合生态系统的能值自给率、人均能值用量、能值密度、环境负荷率、人口承载量以及基于能值分析的可持续发展指数等多项指标的变化趋势，并将2003年的数据进行了国内外对比。针对崇明建设生态岛的目标，分析了崇明岛的优势和不足，为其可持续发展提出了对应的建议和措施。研究表明：虽然良好的生态环境提升了人民的生活质量，但由于缺乏经济和科技竞争力，崇明岛的发展水平处于全国平均水平，与所处的长三角地区整体发展水平相差较大。但岛屿系统现状良好，运行稳定、健康、有活力，可持续性高。未来崇明岛的发展应当合理权衡和协调绎济发展和环境保护的关系，维持系统的可持续性。     

崇明东滩底栖动物群落与潮滩高程的关系

东滩低潮滩以软体动物中的麂眼螺、泥螺等占优势;中潮滩以软体动物的麂眼螺、霍甫水丝蚓、彩虹明樱蛤及双翅目幼虫为优势;高潮滩的优势种为绯拟沼螺、双翅目幼虫以及一些大型蟹类如无齿相手蟹和天津厚蟹等。在生物量方面,中潮滩的底栖动物生物量最高为139．8g／m^2,其次为高潮滩,其生物量为109．7g／m^2,生物量最低的为低潮滩,仅有61．77g/m^2,平均生物量排序为中潮滩〉高潮滩〉低潮滩。在多样性方面,3个潮带也以中潮滩最高,其次是高潮滩和低潮滩。底栖动物的这种分带情况与3个潮带特有生境密切相关,沿高程梯度,底栖动物群落呈现出明显的空间生态系列格局。低潮滩代表了潮滩湿地演替的初级阶段。中潮滩底栖动物种类数和多样性都较高,此带代表了潮滩湿地演替的较高阶段。高潮滩显示了向陆生群落演变的趋势。     

On eco-planning for an eco-demonstration park (EDP) and sustainability-Case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai,China

The background, concept, connotation, principles, and methods of eco-planning for an Eco-Demonstration Park (EDP) and sustainability were examined based on a case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai, China, which is an important part of Shanghai Eco-city planning and construction in the 21st century. By analyzing natural, social and economic conditions, calculating population using the land capacity eco-model, eco-function zoning, and eco-construction, an innovative eco-industrial structure and technical chain were formulated. A comprehensive eco-planning scheme for the EDP was proposed, including planning and management strategies for subsystems of efficient industry, good quality human settlement, high standard eco-construction and eco-tourism as well as effective environmental protection and attractive landscape. The EDP should be an area with coordinated and sustainable economic, social and environmental subsystems. Eco-planning for the EDP should be a very important part of eco-city planning and sustainability. The paper aims to set up a theoretical framework and practical basis for eco-planning and promoting harmony between human and nature.     

崇明东滩芦苇湿地氧化亚氮排放

采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了崇明东滩芦苇带氧化亚氮(N2O)的排放通量.结果表明,在生长季,高潮滩无植被覆盖沉积物与芦苇根际土中NO3--N的含量变化趋势基本一致,而两者的NH4+-N的含量变化趋势则有所不同;芦苇对高潮滩沉积物N2O排放有较强的促进作用,特别是7月份,使高潮滩沉积物的排放量由0.71μg·m-·2h-1增加到566.28μg·m-·2h-1.而在1月份,芦苇根际土N2O的通量也存在小幅排放,由-4.02mg·m-·2h-1增加到67.54μg·m-·2h-1.对于芦苇根际沉积物而言,除NO3--N、NH4+-N、温度和水分以外,植物的生理过程也是控制N2O排放通量的主要因子.     

持续淹水治理互花米草技术对盐沼土壤的影响

为了研究持续淹水治理互花米草技术对盐沼土壤理化特性的影响,应用化学分析测定方法跟踪监测了崇明东滩治理互花米草示范样地内水淹控制样区的土壤有机质、pH值、氯离子、重碳酸根、钙离子、镁离子和硫酸根离子含量随持续淹水时间的变化.结果表明,随淹水时间的延长,盐沼土壤有机质含量降低,而盐沼土壤pH值、氯离子、重碳酸根、钙离子、镁离子和硫酸根离子含量升高.除了氯离子和重碳酸根外,其他指标在0～15cm和15～30cm土壤层间的含量略有差异,但变化趋势相同.长期淹水造成的厌氧环境对盐沼土壤产生了一定的负面影响,而且持续淹水时间越长,对盐沼土壤产生的负面影响也越大.因此,应用持续淹水技术治理互花米草时,应尽可能减少持续淹水时间,以便在迅速、有效控制互花米草后为受损湿地的修复提供条件.     

Variability of soil organic carbon reservation capability between coastal salt marsh and riverside freshwater wetland in Chongming Dongtan and its microbial mechanism

Two representative zones in Chongming Dongtan which faced the Yangtze River and East China Sea respectively were selected to study the variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) reservation capability between coastal wetland and riverside wetland in the Chongming Dongtan wetland as well as its mechanism by analyzing soil characteristics and plant biomass. The results showed the SOC content of riverside wetland was only 48.61% (P = 0.000 < 0.05) that of coastal wetland. As the organic matter inputs from plant litter of the coastal wetland and riverside wetland were approximately the same, the higher soil microbial respiration (SMR) of riverside wetland led to its lower SOC reservation capability. In the riverside wetland, the high soil microbial biomass, higher proportion of β-Proteobacteria, which have strong carbon metabolism activity and the existence of some specific aerobic heterotrophic bacteria such as Bacilli and uncultured Lactococcus, were the important reasons for the higher SMR compared to the coastal wetland. There were additional differences in soil physical and chemical characteristics between the coastal wetland and riverside wetlands. Path analysis of predominant bacteria and microbial biomass showed that soil salinity influenced β-Proteobacteria and microbial biomass most negatively among these physical and chemical factors. Therefore the low salinity of the riverside area was suitable for the growth of microorganisms, especially β-Proteobacteria and some specific bacteria, which led to the high SMR and low SOC reservation capability when compared to the coastal area.     

上海崇明岛农田土壤中有机氯农药残留特征

为研究崇明岛农田土壤中有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留特征,于2008年7月采集崇明岛农田表层土壤30个.利用加速溶剂萃取仪（ASE）萃取,使用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-μECD）分析.结果表明,在采集的土壤样品（干重）中,OCPs的含量范围为3.11～117.47 ng.g-1（平均值26.25 ng.g-1）;主...     

流域和河口高强度人类活动对崇明岛滩涂资源变化过程的影响

入海河口形成的冲积沙岛滩涂因陆海水沙变异而出现快速冲淤已成为当前河口城市发展关注的焦点。崇明岛为我国最大的入海河口冲积沙岛,其滩涂给上海提供极其重要的空间资源,但因流域和河口高强度人类活动可能导致滩涂出现新的变化状态。据此,通过长达30多年的环岛实测地形资料,基于ArcGIS平台摸清崇明岛滩涂资源变化过程及主控要素。研究结论主要包括：（1）崇明岛各段滩涂冲淤过程复杂多变,冲淤交替频繁;但总体上北部、南部和东滩滩涂面积均为正增长,分别增加170 km²、8 km²和51 km²。（2）促淤圈围工程导致北支泥沙量增多加速河槽萎缩淤积,是北部滩涂增长的主因。（3）新桥水道北移且有所淤浅导致南部滩涂面积淤涨,而东滩快速围垦及岸堤向海推进引起东滩滩涂面积扩大。     

崇明北湖叶绿素a浓度与环境因子的GAM回归分析

以崇明北湖为例,采用广义加性模型(GAM)对该湖的叶绿素a浓度与相关环境因子进行分析.结果表明,叶绿素a浓度与总氮、总磷和水温之间存在较好的非线性关系(P<0.05),叶绿素a浓度与总磷之间的关系先为单调递增,当总磷浓度达到0.12mg/L时,变为单调递减;不同总氮浓度区间上,总氮对叶绿素a浓度的影响不同,氮浓度为0.6~1.8mg/L时,对叶绿素a浓度的影响不大;水温在24~26℃时,叶绿素a浓度最高.叶绿素a浓度与氮磷比之间也存在较好的非线性关系(P<0.1),氮限制时,叶绿素浓度与氮磷比呈反比;磷限制时,叶绿素a浓度随着氮磷比单调递减.     

崇明岛生态保护与生态补偿分析

以崇明岛为研究对象,通过与上海整体水平的比较,分析了岛域的社会经济状况和生态环境特点,并采用生态足迹模型分析了崇明岛的生态承载力及其对上海城市发展的生态支持作用。在此基础上,从内部机制和外部机制两个方面提出了对崇明岛生态保护进行生态补偿的对策措施。