不同铝水平下茶对铝及矿质养分的吸收与累积

土壤铝污染不仅影响作物的生长发育和产量,也对食品安全产生了潜在威胁。利用水培方法,设置0、5、10、15、20mg·L-15种铝处理水平,研究不同铝质量浓度水平下茶苗对铝及矿质养分的吸收与累积。结果表明:茶苗根、茎中铝含量均随着铝处理的质量浓度的增加而明显增加,而叶中含量影响不大。不同铝水平下各部位铝含量大小依次为根>叶>茎。从整株植物来看,随着铝处理质量浓度的增加,铝在根部的积累量增加,在茎和叶的积累量趋于下降。铝对茶苗营养元素钙、钾、镁的吸收影响不大,对磷的吸收有所促进,在一定程度上体现出茶树植物对铝的耐性。     

Comparison of zooplankton community of different areas in Changjiang River estuary北大核心CSCD

To compare the zooplankton communities in the South Branch, North Branch, North Channel and offshore of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary, two cruises were carried out in the autumn of 2009 and the spring of 2010. A total of 27 species of zooplankton were identified in the spring, including 17 in the offshore, 11 in the south branch, 9 in the north branch, and only 5 in the North Channel. In autumn, altogether 71 species were collected, including 6 in the south branch, 11 in the north branch, 8 species in the North Channel area and 63 in the offshore. Either in the spring or autumn, the average species numbers of the offshore were the highest. Additionally, species numbers of the offshore were significantly higher than that in other areas (P < 0.05) for both seasons. There were no significant differences between the species number of the South Branch and the North Branch (P > 0.05). The species number and diversity index of the inner area were lower than that of the offshore. The average diversity index of offshore area was still the highest in both spring (1.69) and autumn (3.73). In spring, the diversity index of the North Channel was the lowest among four areas, while in autumn, that of the South Branch was the lowest (0.49). In spring, Sinocalanus sinensis was the dominant species of the South Branch, North'Branch and North Channel (> 50% of the total collection by number). The dominant species of offshore area were Tortanus vermiculus and Labidocera euchaeta. While in autumn, the dominant species were different for each area. In the South Branch, the most important species was S. dorrii (93.55% of the total collection by number). The main species was S. dorrii in the South Branch area, S. stenellus and T. vermiculusin in the North Branch and Subeucalanus subcrassus in the offshore (< 30% of the total collection by number). Numbers of species and diversity index seemed to vary among different areas of Changjiang estuary. The underline mechanisms of the regional variation in species number were mainly the salinity and suspended sediment concentrations. Generally speaking, zooplankton was more abundant in the polyhaline water. Diversity index was largely affected by both species number and abundance percentage. The zooplankton community was mainly influenced by the Changjiang diluted water and offshore water mass through affecting the salinity. In autumn, the Kuroshio flowed northward carrying polyhaline water, and brought subtropical species to the offshore of the Changjiang estuary. Since the North Channel is located in the estuarine turbidity zone, suspended sediment concentration of that area is higher than the other areas, which might limit the distribution of some species. To sum up, salinity is the most important factor causing the difference of zooplankton community among different areas in the Changjiang estuary. Besides, water masses and estuarine turbidity also influence the zooplankton community.     

中华鳖的性别决定机制

设置了6种温度条件，对中华鳖卵进行了人工孵化，以探讨其性别决定机制。结果显示，温度条件能够影响子代性比（♂/[♂ ♀])，在24℃、27℃、31℃33℃、和35℃孵育条件下，子代性比出现明显偏差（P＜0.01）；在29℃条件下雌雄比例相近（P＜0.05），为证实孵化的结果，还对中华鳖的染色体G－带型和精母细胞联会复合体进行了分析，没有发现有异型性染色体的分化；PCR扩增Sox基因，亦未见有雌、雄个体的差异，本研究结果认为，中华鳖的性别决定属于温度依赖型（TSD）机制。     

长江口中华鲟自然保护区及临近水域鱼类种类组成现状

为了解长江口中华鲟自然保护区及其临近水域鱼类种类组成的现状，2004~2008年利用底拖网、插网、定置网和刺网等多种网具对该水域的鱼类组成状况进行了较为系统的调查。共调查到鱼类105种，隶属于18目43科86属，鱼类种类组成以鲈形目和鲤形目为主；生态类型中海洋鱼类和淡水鱼类各37种，河口定居性鱼类25种，洄游性鱼类6种；鱼类种类组成处于长江下游至东海的过渡类型，鱼类食性以底栖生物、有机碎屑和浮游动物食性为主，凶猛性鱼类较少。与以往调查资料相比，调查水域鱼类物种数有所减少，一些重要的物种更是濒临绝迹。保护区水域鱼类不仅具有较高的物种多样性、河口代表性、稀有性和很高的科研价值，同时其生态系统也较为脆弱，并已受到严重威胁，保护区的保护工作显得尤为重要.     

养殖密度对中华鲟行为、免疫力和养殖环境水质的影响

以北京海洋馆驯养的野生和子一代中华鲟为对象,研究了养殖密度对中华鲟行为、免疫力和养殖环境水质的影响。结果表明：在养殖密度分别为27、24、20 kg/m3的循环水环境中，中华鲟的泳层分布改变，体型小的中华鲟变化最大。3种密度环境对中华鲟食欲未有明显影响，对野生中华鲟和F1 1998的泳速和呼吸频率也未有明显影响。27 kg/m3的密度下，F1 1998的超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛值下降，而丙二醛水平上升。在养殖密度为27和24 kg/m3的水环境时,水体悬浮总细菌数量持续大于8 000 cfu/100 mL，年龄大的中华鲟，包括野生中华鲟和F1 1998中华鲟细菌感染。同期对水质监测结果表明，氨/铵、亚硝酸盐和浊度稳定，硝酸盐、磷酸盐和总细菌随养殖密度下降而降低，溶解氧、酸碱度上升，各密度组间存在显著性差异(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗＜005)，硝酸盐、磷酸盐、总细菌与养殖密度存在着显著的正相关。实验表明，使用循环水养殖中华鲟，环境负荷对水体微生物和养殖鱼免疫力的影响是极为显著的。推荐最佳养殖密度为20 kg/m³      

氚水在模拟海水生态系统中的积累、迁移和消长

运用同位素示踪技术研究了氚水在模拟海水生态系统中的积累、迁移等特性。试验期间，海水中氚的含量随时间逐渐减少。底质对吸湿性水氚的积累呈递增趋势，而对结晶水氚没有明显的积累。自由水氚是氚水在缢蛏和中华乌塘鳢体内的主要存在形式，结合态氚在这两种海洋生物中的含量均很低。缢蛏和中华乌塘鳢对氚水的富集系数均小于1，说明它们对氚水都没有明显的富集效应。     

甲醛致中华卵索线虫DNA损伤作用的研究

为了探讨甲醛致线虫DNA-蛋白质交联(DNA-protein crosslinks,DPC)和DNA断裂(DNA strand breakage,DSB)的作用,以中华卵索线虫(Ovomermis sinensis)为材料,经活体染毒后,采用KCl-SDS沉淀法和单细胞凝胶电泳法来检测液态甲醛染毒后线虫提取细胞中DNA-蛋白质交联物的含量及DNA的断裂效应.KCl-SDS沉淀法的结果表明,低浓度(5、25、125μmol·L-1)的液态甲醛不能引起DNA-蛋白质的交联(p＞0.05),较高浓度(625μmol·L-1)的甲醛可以引起明显的DNA-蛋白质的交联作用(p＜0.05)而单细胞凝胶电泳的结果则显示甲醛在低浓度(5、25μmol·L-1)时可以引起DNA链的断裂(p＜0.01),在较高浓度(125、625μmol·L-1)时可以引起交联作用(p＜0.05).研究结果表明,甲醛在较高浓度时可以导致明显的DNA-蛋白质交联作用,而在小于25μmol·L-1时以DNA断裂作用为主.     

Synthesis of SnO2 quantum dots mediated by Camellia sinensis shoots for degradation of thiamethoxam

Abstract

A novel method of synthesis of tin dioxide quantum dots employing Camellia sinensis shoots as reducing agent and stabilizer is presented. The quantum dots were characterized by UV spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The crystalline tin dioxide quantum dots with an average size of 4.3?nm were of flake like morphology capped by phenolic compounds of Camellia sinensis. The quantum dots were employed for the photocatalytic degradation of thiamethoxam resulting in 57% degradation within 45 mins.     

不同温度胁迫方式对中华绒螯蟹免疫化学指标的影响

为研究温度骤变在水生动物病害发生中的可能作用，本研究以中华绒螯蟹为材料，将环境温度从20℃突然升高或下降，然后在不同时间取样分析，从免疫学的角度探讨了不同的温度改变方式对中华绒螯蟹抗氧化能力的影响．研究结果表明，（1）在2h内将饲养水温从20℃升至32℃，然后在30min内降至20℃，中华绒螯蟹的血细胞密度（DHC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活力先升高后下降，6h时出现峰值，3d后趋于稳定，丙二醛（MDA）的含量变化则呈相反趋势；（2）在24h内将饲养水温从20℃降至8℃，其DHC随时间的延长而逐渐降低，SOD和CAT先增加后下降，在d1出现峰值；而MDA的含量先下降后升高，在d3出现峰值，但总的来说，MDA的含量均高于0h处理组；（3）在24h内水温从20℃升至32℃，其SOD和CAT在温度变化6h后呈升高趋势，而后逐渐下降，DHC的变化无一定规律，但均明显低于0h处理组，MDA的含量随时间延长而增加．以上结果表明，温度胁迫使中华绒螯蟹机体抗氧化能力下降，从而导致机体的氧化代谢失衡和免疫防御能力下降．     

性腺发育及年龄对养殖中华鲟抗氧化力的影响

以养殖的子一代（n=21）中华鲟为对象,研究了性腺发育及年龄对其抗氧化力的影响。结果表明：（1）1998年生子一代雌性(未达性成熟,性腺处于慢速发育阶段)和雄性(接近性成熟,性腺处于开始快速发育阶段)的睾酮和雌二醇/睾酮差异显著,雌性血清丙二醛水平显著低于雄性,而超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化酶的活力及超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛值虽高于雄性,但二者间不存在显著性差异,雌性和雄性的丙二醛与超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛之间相关性极显著（r=-0915,-0818,P＜001);（2）雌二醇/睾酮值与丙二醛显著负相关,与超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛显著正相关（r=-0635,r=0709,P＜005）,与超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶无显著相关性;（3）4个年龄组（4、8、11、12龄,未达性成熟）的超氧化物歧化酶和丙二醛无显著性差异,12龄组的谷胱甘肽过氧化酶显著低于其余3组,而超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛显著高于其余3组,谷胱甘肽过氧化酶和丙二醛与年龄呈负相关（r=-0547,P＜001;r=-0519,P＜005）,超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛与年龄呈正相关（r=0569,P＜001）。这表明进入性腺快速发育阶段的雄性氧化应激水平明显高于处于性腺慢速发育阶段的同龄雌性;随着年龄增长,未达性成熟中华鲟的抗氧化力水平逐渐增强;使用以上指标作为亚健康群体的筛选指标和氧化应激的生物标志物时,应充分考虑监测群体性腺发育和年龄因素,以使参考指标更准确