活性铝对小麦谷胱甘肽和丙二醛含量的影响

利用铝在不同pH值条件下形态分布的差异,研究活性铝2种主要形态(A la、A lb)对小麦根、茎、叶中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,探讨活性铝对植物的氧化胁迫及植物的抗铝机制。试验营养液中总铝浓度设置为0μmol.L-1(CK)、25μmol.L-1(T1)和75μmol.L-1(T2),各剂量组营养液的pH值分别调至4.0、4.5、5.0和5.5。研究结果表明,较低浓度的活性铝(A la和A lb)显著影响小麦根、茎、叶中GSH含量,根与叶中GSH存在一个激发、增长和消耗的过程;T2组叶中GSH含量在pH 4.5时降至最低值,同时叶中MDA存在积累,表明在此条件下,活性铝对小麦形成了最大氧化胁迫。     

荞麦叶内抗氧化系统对铝胁迫的响应

以荞麦(FagopyrumesculentumMoench)为实验材料,采用沙培法,研究了荞麦对不同铝质量浓度胁迫下体内保护酶的响应和变化规律。结果表明,铝胁迫下荞麦体内铝质量浓度的升高促进了过氧化物酶的活性,抑制了过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性,增加了蛋白质、丙二醛、抗坏血酸和游离脯氨酸的含量;多酚氧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶在适当的铝质量浓度处理下活性都有提高。在高铝处理下,叶片中积累的铝明显较根和茎多。在铝的胁迫下,荞麦体内非酶系也发挥了重要的作用。     

不同浓度胺鲜酯对籽粒苋富集重金属镉锌的影响

植物生长调节剂具有提高植物富集土壤重金属的能力,从而提高植物修复污染农田土壤的效率。采用盆栽方式,比较叶面喷施不同质量浓度(0、5、10、15 mg·L~(-1))胺鲜酯(DA-6)对籽粒苋(Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)生长、富集镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)及土壤有效态Cd和Zn的影响。结果表明,10 mg·L~(-1)处理显著提高籽粒苋植株的生物量;DA-6对籽粒苋根系分布层土壤和根际土pH无显著影响,但能显著提高籽粒苋根际土有效态Cd和Zn含量;DA-6处理的籽粒苋叶、茎和根中Cd含量均呈增加趋势,但仅15 mg·L~(-1)处理能显著提高籽粒苋叶、茎中Cd含量,DA-6处理对籽粒苋根中Cd含量无显著影响;DA-6对籽粒苋叶、茎、根中Zn含量均无显著影响;10 mg·L~(-1)处理能显著强化籽粒苋叶、茎对Cd和Zn的累积量,DA-6处理对籽粒苋根中Cd和Zn的累积量无显著影响;DA-6处理籽粒苋后,除籽粒苋叶中5 mg·L~(-1)处理和10 mg·L~(-1)处理的Zn富集系数显著低于对照外,其它处理的籽粒苋叶、茎、根中Cd和Zn富集系数及运转系数均无显著差异。因此,叶面喷施10 mg·L~(-1)DA-6能显著强化籽粒苋地上部对Cd、Zn的累积量,但DA-6处理对Cd和Zn的富集和运转并无显著促进作用。     

铝胁迫下马尾松幼苗有机酸分泌和根际pH值的变化

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,选用砂培法研究铝胁迫对马尾松根际pH值、有机酸分泌以及植株中铝累积变化的影响。结果表明,高浓度铝导致根际pH值增加,当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,根际pH值则趋于平稳。在测试的5种有机酸(草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、乙酸)中,当铝浓度由0升至300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸根系分泌量随之升高,与根际pH值呈正相关关系;而当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸分泌量则趋于平稳,草酸和苹果酸的分泌影响根际pH值的变化。其次,活性铝通过根系进入植株后,由于营养作用和运输机制,出现分布差异,根部铝积累量明显高于茎和叶。当根系接触的铝浓度低于300μmol.L-1时,植株铝积累量与根际pH值,以及草酸、苹果酸分泌量呈显著正相关。     

PAEs胁迫对高/低累积品种水稻根系形态及根系分泌低分子有机酸的影响

以前期筛选获得的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)高/低累积基因型水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种(培杂泰丰/丰优丝苗)进行水培试验,分别于分蘖期和拔节期采集样品,采用根系扫描仪分析根系形态学特性、高效液相色谱法测定根系分泌物中低分子有机酸成分,以及采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)测定水稻根、茎、叶中PAEs质量分数。对比研究两种基因型水稻的根系形态特征和根系分泌物(低分子有机酸)的差异,初步探讨两种基因型水稻吸收累积PAEs差异原因,为保障农产品质量安全提供科学依据。结果表明,随着培养液中PAEs质量浓度增加,两种基因型水稻总根长、根表面积和根体积先增大后减小;相同PAEs质量浓度下,高累积型品种培杂泰丰根系形态指标大多高于丰优丝苗。两种水稻体内的PAEs质量分数均随污染物浓度增大而升高,高PAEs水平(80 mg·L-1)处理是低PAEs水平(20 mg·L-1)处理的3.8~7.3倍(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP))和2.7~20.4倍(邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)),培杂泰丰高于丰优丝苗。植物体内DBP和DEHP质量分数呈现根叶≥茎。分蘖期两种水稻体内DBP和DEHP质量分数高于拔节期,且与营养液中PAEs的质量浓度呈显著相关,但拔节期的相关程度减弱。拔节期两种水稻根系分泌物中低分子有机酸质量浓度随培养液中PAEs质量浓度升高呈现不同的变化规律,但二者草酸质量浓度均增加(在1.11~8.13 mg·L-1之间),并与根系中DBP和DEHP的质量分数呈显著正相关。说明PAEs胁迫会影响水稻根系形态和低分子有机酸分泌,进而影响水稻对PAEs的吸收累积。     

施肥对大白菜吸收电镀污染土壤中重金属的影响

采用田间试验,研究了在不同施肥条件下重金属在土壤-作物系统中迁移、积累的特性.结果表明,不同施肥处理对降低植物重金属吸收的影响能力大小依次为有机肥＞复合肥＞尿素,一般地,作物不同部位对Cr、Cu 积累量的大小顺序为根＞叶＞茎,重金属在土壤-作物系统中迁移能力大小依次为Cu＞ Ni＞Cr,3种施肥处理对降低土壤中有效态重金属含量的影响能力大小依次为有机肥＞复合肥＞尿素.     

Pb、Cd及其复合污染对紫茎泽兰生长及吸收富集特征的影响

外来植物紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵我国西南地区并造成了严重的生态灾难,通过研究Pb、Cd及其复合污染对紫茎泽兰生长及吸收富集特征的影响,有助于从生态学角度为紫茎泽兰的综合防控提供依据。采用模拟Pb、Cd污染土壤培养法研究了不同浓度Pb、Cd及其复合污染作用下紫茎泽兰的生长响应及重金属吸收、富集和迁移特征变化。结果表明：低浓度的Pb、Cd对紫茎泽兰的生长有促进作用,高浓度则表现出一定的抑制作用,生物量,株高,根长均明显减少。紫茎泽兰体内Pb、Cd吸收量与污染土壤具有良好的相关性,随处理浓度增加明显增大,极端浓度Pb、Cd胁迫下紫茎泽兰各器官Pb、Cd积累量与对照相比显著增加,1000 mg·kg-1处理时紫茎泽兰根、茎、叶的Pb质量分数均分别高达603.69、568.31、598.85 mg·kg-1;100 mg·kg-1 Cd处理时其根、茎、叶的Pb、Cd累积量依次为165.21、93.59、152.79 mg·kg-1。说明紫茎泽兰对Pb、Cd具有较好吸收累积及转运能力,可作为重金属污染地区的一种理想的修复植物。     

不同生态型芦竹对Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu的富集与分布

介绍了生态型芦竹(Arundo donax Linn)的生物特性,并对芦竹修复湿地重金属污染能力进行了研究。芦竹具有生物量大、根系发达、适应性强等特点,在重金属污染环境下,有较好的耐受性。研究不同生态型芦竹对Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu的富集与分布,对重金属污染湿地的修复具有指导作用。采集了4个不同环境下的芦竹样本,对重金属富集量和在植物器官中的分布情况进行研究分析。结果表明,芦竹对镉、铅、汞有较好吸收,地上部叶内富集量分别为57.40～33.22mg·kg-1,412.4～312.4mg·kg-1,21.5～11.8mg·kg-1,地上部茎内富集量分别为19.50～4.02mg·kg-1,83.1～43.6mg·kg-1,30.0～19.4mg·kg-1。芦竹对铜的富集能力较弱,地上部叶内和茎内富集量分别是12.4～2.8mg·kg-1,1.4～0.4mg·kg-1。铜和铅在植物器官中的分布为根>叶>茎,镉在植物器官中的分布为叶>根>茎,汞在植物中的分布为根>茎>叶。富集量还与土壤中重金属质量分数有关,一般是随着土壤中重金属质量分数的增大而增加。镉、铅、铜在植物叶中的富集系数大于1,汞在植物茎中的富集系数大于1。综合分析结果表明,芦竹在污染或非污染环境中都能较好地富集镉、铅、汞,基于芦竹具有较大生物量特点,芦竹对湿地重金属污染具有较大的修复潜力。研究芦竹对重金属的吸收与分布,旨在为湿地的植物修复技术提供参考依据。     

有机质腐解对穗花狐尾藻生长及磷积累的影响

在室内以原沉积物（处理1）和分别添加0.5%与1%有机质（植物残体）（处理2和处理3）的沉积物作为底质培养沉水植物,研究了植物残体的腐解对穗花狐尾藻生长及各器官磷积累的影响。结果表明：在试验的早期阶段,植物残体的腐解对狐尾藻的生长及磷积累有一定的抑制,其干质量积累量与磷积累量均表现为处理1〉处理2〉处理3,与处理1相比,处理2和处理3植株干质量积累量分别降低了16.9%和24.35%,磷积累量降低了24.38%和44.18%;但在培养的中后期,则表现为处理2〉处理3〉处理1,与处理1相比,处理2和处理3的穗花狐尾藻干质量和磷积累量分别增加了22.45%和7.48%、75.53%和17.21%。整个培养实验结果表明低含量植物残体的残留,促进了植株生长及磷积累,但当植物残体残留过高时,沉水植物的生长及磷积累受到抑制。3个处理不同器官干质量和磷分配比均表现为叶〉茎〉根,叶是穗花狐尾藻主要的磷累积器官。     

酸胁迫对马尾松幼苗生长及根际铝形态的影响

在不同p H值(2.5、3.5、4.5和5.6)模拟酸雨处理下,研究根箱栽培马尾松(Pinus massoniana L.)幼苗生物量(根茎长、根与茎叶干重、一级侧根数)、叶绿素含量以及根系质膜相对透性的变化,在酸雨pH 3.5-5.6范围内对松树幼苗根际与非根际土壤的pH值和铝形态以及植株铝积累量进行测定,以探明酸胁迫对马尾松幼苗生长及根际铝形态的影响.结果显示:当酸雨p H从5.6降至2.5,马尾松幼苗生物量和叶绿素含量均降低,而根系质膜透性从13.2%升至36.4%,膜伤害度由轻度的4.1%提高到重度的23.2%,且重度酸胁迫下两者变化均极显著(P 0.01);此外随酸胁迫强度的增强,马尾松根际与非根际土壤pH值分别由5.95和5.91降至4.02和3.87,而根际土壤中交换态、有机结合态铝含量则分别上升至7.27和18.1 mg/kg,且马尾松植株铝积累量增加至49.46μg/株,其在植株根系中的积累量明显高于地上部分.上述结果表明,酸胁迫使得马尾松根系质膜受损程度增加,叶绿素含量减少,引起光合作用减弱,幼苗生长受到抑制;另外,酸雨能改变土壤中铝化合物的形态,增加活性铝离子溶出量,其中一部分转化成有机结合态铝,另一部分则通过根系吸收累积在幼苗植株内,阻碍马尾松生长发育.(图5表3参45)     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

河流底泥污染及其控制与修复

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

Instream and offstream environmental conditions and stream biotic integrity: Importance of scale and site similarities for learning and prediction

Two different methods to predict biotic integrity were tested and compared in the present paper. The first one tries to predict the fish indices of biotic integrity (IBI) at the state or regional scale based on the most similar observations to a specific target site of interest using the simple to implement k-nearest neighbors (or kNN) method. Two different distance functions were considered to find the k-nearest neighbors: the Euclidean and the Mahalanobis. The second method was applied on the same datasets and consisted of a step-wise multiple regression. The two modeling approaches yielded similar results but kNN proved to be more time-efficient and very fast computationally for the given dataset sizes, which allowed applying a leave-one-out cross validation.In an attempt to reveal the importance of scale in the prediction of IBI, regression models were constructed at the state (or regional) scale and at the more refined cluster of sampling sites scale. Clusters of sites were extracted using Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOM) followed by k-means clustering of the SOM neurons. Cluster-level regression models, constructed after site patterning, performed better in IBI prediction than global regression models constructed without any previous site patterning. The importance of identifying groups of sites with similar environmental characteristics affecting the IBI was revealed. The combined use of site patterning and regression modeling for IBI prediction also helped identifying important variables acting at the local scale which remain latent at the global scale.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.