ACUTE TOXICITY OF PICRIC ACID AND PICRAMIC ACID TO RAINBOW TROUT,SALMO GAIRDNERI,AND AMERICAN OYSTER,CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA1

ABSTRACT Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96-h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144-h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144-h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.     

长牡蛎尼氏单孢子虫的初步研究

采集大连大窑湾养殖区的长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas),抽取其血淋巴液在显微镜下观察,观察到尼氏单孢子虫(Hap-losporidium nelsoni)原生质体的类似物.对抽取的血淋巴液进行总基因组DNA的提取,将扩增单孢子虫(Haplosporidiosis)SSUrDNA区域的引物对HAP-F2和HAP-R2进行改进,经过特异性试验证明其特异性很好,得到引物对HAP-F和HAP-R,应用此对引物进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR),结果扩增出239bp条带.将PCR产物进行测序,经序列比对分析确定为尼氏单孢子虫.同时,采用尼氏单孢子虫的特异性DNA探针MSX1347对抽取的长牡蛎血淋巴液进行原位杂交,结果也检测到了尼氏单孢子虫.     

近江牡蛎对Pb的累积和排出

采用更新式在自然光照和窒温条件下进行了近江牡蛎Ｃｒａｓｓｏｓｔｒｅａｒｉｖｕｌａｒｉｓ对Ｐｂ的累积和排出试验。近江牡蛎对海水中Ｐｂ的累积是净累积型，其体内的Ｐｂ含量与海水的Ｐｂ浓度之间呈显著的线性正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），近江牡蛎体内的Ｐｂ含量与暴露时间之间呈显著的线性正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｐｂ从近江牡蛎体内排出的生物学半衰期为１４ｄ，近江牡蛎对Ｐｂ的累积随海水盐度的升高而呈明显的下降趋势，海水盐度的升高有利于近江牡蛎体内残留Ｐｂ的排出。近江牡蛎是比较理想的海洋重金属Ｐｂ污染监测生物。     

巨牡蛎(Crassostrea sp.)的滤水率测定

在实验室条件下,测定了巨牡蛎在不同个体大小、不同个体数和不同密度单胞藻(三角褐指藻)密度不同水平条件下的滤水率。结果:(1)在上述三个影响因素中,单胞藻的密度对巨牡蛎的滤水率影响最大;(2)巨牡蛎单位体重滤水率均随着巨牡蛎个体数量、巨牡蛎大小及单胞藻密度的增大而下降,它们的关系呈负指数函数和负幂函数关系;(3)在本实验条件下,当三角褐指藻的密度为1.0×104/mL,巨牡蛎的干肉重和个体数分别为0.1114 g和10只时,巨牡蛎的滤水率最高,达2.693 L/h.g。     

Use of the digestive gland of the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) as a bioindicator of Zn,Cd and Cu contamination in estuarine sediments (south-east Brazil)

This study demonstrates the accumulation of Zn, Cd and Cu in the digestive gland of the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae in response to the contamination of sediments and discusses the potential use of this specific organ in monitoring metal contamination in tropical areas. Sediment and oyster samples were collected from coastal Rio de Janeiro sites with different levels of human impact: Sepetiba Bay, Guanabara Bay and the Paraty coast. Metal concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Significant statistical differences (p<0.001; p<0.05) were observed for Zn and Cd concentrations in the digestive gland; the highest Zn concentrations were found at Sepetiba, followed by Guanabara and Paraty. The highest digestive gland Cd concentrations were found at Paraty, followed by Sepetiba and Guanabara. These concentrations were proportional to those found in the sediments. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in Cu among the sampling sites. The highest digestive-gland Cu concentration was also found at Sepetiba, followed by Guanabara. The biosediment accumulation factor indicated a gradient of sediment contamination for Zn and Cd. The digestive gland of C. rhizophorae can be a potential indicator of trace metal contamination in sediments from tropical estuarine environments.     

近江牡蛎4种类型GST基因cDNA全序列的克隆与分析

为从分子水平上研究不同类型谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)基因在近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)等贝类体内代谢去毒过程中的作用,采用RT-PCR及RACE法,分离、克隆得到近江牡蛎肝脏4种类型GST基因cDNA全序列.序列分析结果表明,mu、pi、omega、sigma4种类型GST基因cDNA全长分别为970bp、773bp、999bp、1277bp,分别编码215、207、242、203个氨基酸.构建系统进化树发现,除太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)pi型GST外,所有类型GSTs序列都能各自聚集成一簇.     

成都市境内外来物种福寿螺的危害现状调查及防治措施分析

本文对外来物种福寿螺在成都市的危害现状、生物学特性、发生规律及防治措施进行了系统总结,并提出管理对策措施建议。     

近江牡蛎作为海洋重金属锌污染监测生物

采用更新式在自然光照和室温条件下进行了近江牡蛎（Crasostrearivularis）对锌的累积和排出实验。近江牡蛎对海水中锌的累积是净累积型,其体内的锌含量与海水的锌浓度之间呈显著的线性正相关（P＜0.01）。近江牡蛎体内的锌含量与暴露时间之间呈显著的线性正相关（P＜0.01）,经35天的净化观察其体内的锌含量未有排出的趋势。近江牡蛎体内累积的锌与暴露水体盐度之间呈显著的负相关（P＜0.01）。近江牡蛎是比较理想的海洋重金属锌污染的监测生物     

Integration of biological responses from a suite of bioassays for the Venice Lagoon (Italy) through sediment toxicity index - Part A: Development and comparison of two methodological approaches

Marine and coastal quality assessment, based on test batteries involving a wide array of endpoints, organisms and test matrices, needs for setting up toxicity indices that integrate multiple toxicological measures for decision-making processes and that classify the continuous toxicity response into discrete categories according to the European Water Framework Directive.Two toxicity indices were developed for the lagoon environment such as the Venice Lagoon. Stepwise procedure included: the construction of a database that identified test-matrix pairs (indicators); the selection of a minimum number of ecotoxicological indicators, called toxicological core metrics (CMs-tox) on the basis of specific criteria; the development of toxicity scores for each CM-tox; the integration of the CMs-tox into two indices, the Toxicity Effect Index (TEI), based on the transformation of Toxic Unit (TU) data that were integrated as logarithmic sum, and the Weighted Average Toxicity Index (WATI), starting from toxicity classes integrated as weighted mean. Results from the indices are compared; advantages and drawbacks of both approaches are discussed.     

近江牡蛎等7种养殖鱼虾贝类参照基因b-肌动蛋白cDNA序列的克隆与比较分析

为进一步研究水产养殖动物功能基因的表达调控,采用RT-PCR及RACE法,分离、克隆了近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)肝脏β-肌动蛋白基因cDNA全序列. 结果表明,近江牡蛎β-肌动蛋白基因cDNA全长1343bp,其中5′、3′非翻译区(UTR)分别长68bp、144bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1131bp,编码376个氨基酸. 实验同时成功获得了中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cahayensis)、日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)、斑鳢(Channa maculata)、胡子鲶(Clarias fuscus)、鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)、鲮鱼(Cirrhinus molitorella)6种重要淡水养殖动物肝脏β-肌动蛋白基因cDNA的核心序列及氨基酸序列. 所获基因与其它动物类群的b-肌动蛋白基因氨基酸同源性高达96%以上,表明软体类、节肢类、鱼类、两栖类、鸟类和哺乳类等不同类群动物b-肌动蛋白基因在生物进化过程中高度保守. 系统发育分析显示软体类、节肢类、鱼类、两栖类、鸟类和哺乳类脊椎动物β-肌动蛋白分类与传统的分类基本一致.