Non-UV based germicidal activity of metal-doped TiO2 coating on solid surfaces

A stain-based screening method was developed to screen different catalyst coatings for their germicidal activity. A Baclight dead/live bacteria viability kit （invitrogen, molecular probes） was used for staining the cell. The screening was carried out following a standard procedure. This included loading cell suspension to solid surface and maintaining contact for 30 min, then staining with a mixture containing dyes. The stained cells were observed using an epifluorescent microscope and photographed with a CCD camera under UV. Metal-doped TiO2 coatings on AI plates were prepared and tested for non-UV germicidal activity without using UV. It was tested using model microorganisms such as Bakers Yeast （Saccharomyces cerevisiae）, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Escherichia coli. On the basis of the germicidal activity of catalyst and the degree of damage caused to the cells, the stained cells may appear green （viable）, green with red or yellow nuclei and yellow （compromised） or red （nonviable）. According to their stained color, cells were counted to calculate the percentage of dead, live, and compromised cells. Compromised cells are cells that grow very slowly after reculturing indicating a degree of reversible cell damage. Screening the germicidal activity using this staining method is accurate and efficient, and requires less time than the culture-based method. A modification to the procedure for measuring germicidal activity of rough surfaces or fibrous coatings was developed. Both TiO2 and metal-doped TiO2 （Ag, Pt, Au, Cu） possess non-UV based germicidal activity. The germicidal activity of TiO2 was found to be related with its wetting property and can be improved by UV irradiation before testing. It is not greatly affected by contact time, indicating a fast acting germicidal activity.     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH3. The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O2 was studied in this work. The results show that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99, 0.01-0.13, and 0 for NO, O2 and NH3, respectively, at 350-450℃. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N2 and H2O. Gaseous O2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process. It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH3.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.     

站控、通信及网络系统的防雷措施

论述了输油泵站控制系统及微波通信系统遭受雷击的危害及原因,有针对性地采取了各种防雷的有效措施,完善微波通讯和站控及网络防雷保护系统,为确保输油安全生产提供了有利保证.     

纳米材料对斑马鱼的氧化损伤及应激效应研究

以斑马鱼(Daniorerio)为受试动物,研究了纳米及常规TiO2、ZnO悬浮液对其鳃、消化道及肝脏的氧化损伤及应激效应,同时对纳米及常规TiO2、ZnO悬浮液中的颗粒形貌特征及·OH生成量进行了测定.结果发现,虽然纳米TiO2、ZnO颗粒与其常规颗粒在溶液中的粒径分布接近,但50mg/L纳米TiO2、ZnO悬浮液中·OH产生量(96h光照下,分别为2.17mmol/L、0.72mmol/L)远远高于50mg/L常规颗粒(未检测到).50mg/L纳米TiO2处理下,斑马鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、蛋白质羰基含量分别为对照的70.2%、65.4%、53%、178.1%;消化道中SOD活性及GSH、丙二醛(MDA)含量分别为对照的149.6%、212.9%、217.2%;鳃中MDA含量为对照的160.9%.而50mg/L常规TiO2悬浮液对斑马鱼没有产生毒理效应.5mg/L纳米及常规ZnO对斑马鱼肝脏的氧化伤害最强,其中5mg/L纳米ZnO处理组中SOD、CAT活性及GSH、MDA含量分别为对照的62.9%、53.1%、45.2%、204.2%,5mg/L常规ZnO处理组中SOD、CAT活性及GSH、MDA含量分别为对照组48.3%、51.8%、34.6%、289.6%;虽然斑马鱼鳃及消化道也受到明显氧化应激效应(p0.05),但并没有受到氧化损伤.研究表明,团聚作用对不同化学组成纳米颗粒的毒性影响程度不同;且不同化学组成纳米颗粒在生物体内可能通过不同机制产生了不同种类的ROS,从而对不同细胞组分产生的氧化损伤及应激效应是其重要的毒理机制.     

2008年奥运期间华北区域大气污染物本底浓度变化与分析

为了解华北区域的大气背景状况,评估污染源限排对区域空气质量的影响以及污染物输送在区域污染中的作用,在2008年奥运期间(6～11月),对华北区域兴隆大气本底监测站主要污染物NOx、SO2、O3和PM2.5进行了连续在线观测,对不同时间段的污染物的浓度水平和日变化特征进行了比较分析,结合地面气象资料和后向轨迹模式初步探讨了污染物的区域传输过程,并对区域不同站点的污染情况进行了初步比较.结果显示,2008年夏季兴隆本底站NOx、SO2、O3与PM2.5平均浓度分别为8.4、10.5、126.0和59.8μg·m-3,秋季平均浓度分别为11.7、17.2、97.5和30.7μg·m-3.奥运时段(2008-08-08～2008-08-24),兴隆NOx、SO2、O3和PM2.5平均浓度分别为6.6、6.8、100.5和33.3μg·m-3,较奥运时段前后平均浓度分别降低了29.0%、46.9%、18.6%和36.5%,与2007年奥运时段同期观测结果相比,NOx浓度下降了62.5%,PM2.5浓度下降了29.0%,奥运时段华北区域空气质量明显改善.在污染物限排之前,兴隆主要污染物的日变化形势都是夜间浓度低,白天浓度不断升高,在傍晚17:00～20:00之间达到峰值,显示了污染物区域输送在兴隆的累积,而污染源排放控制期间污染物白天的积累过程明显减弱,区域输送的污染物含量降低,这些结果表明北京及周边地区污染源的联合控制取得了明显效果.兴隆夏秋季节主要受偏南方向的季风影响,在此方向上对应的污染物浓度值最高,偏南方向上的区域污染输送对兴隆影响较大.将京津冀区域不同站点间的污染物浓度进行比较分析发现,华北区域夏秋季NOx和SO2污染较轻,O3污染不容乐观,PM2.5污染严重,需要引起足够重视.     

利用紫外预处理加强氯苯的生物滴滤净化

试验采用主波长为185nm的低压汞灯为紫外光源、醚型聚氨酯海绵(PU-foam)为填料的紫外-生物滴滤塔联合装置净化氯苯废气.进气氯苯浓度为600mg·m-3、停留时间分别为92、69和46s时,联合装置的平均去除率分别达到99%、95%和80%;最大去除负荷达到59.6g·(m3·h)-1;联合装置和单独生物滴滤塔生物膜形成时间分别为20d和27d;联合装置的抗冲击能力较好,停留时间缩短至30s,联合装置去除效率可达75%以上,高于单独生物滴滤塔的去除效率(25%).对紫外-生物滴滤塔联合装置机制初步探讨表明,紫外氧化氯苯形成了水溶性较好的可生物降解的物质,降低生物滴滤塔氯苯的处理负荷,同时紫外辐照过程中产生的O3能有效地控制生物滴滤塔内微生物的过量生长,从而维持整个装置的最佳运行状态.     

ABR处理硫酸盐有机废水的相分离特性研究

为了考察厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理含硫酸盐有机废水的相分离特性,采用有效容积为32L的五隔室ABR,通过为期132d的启动试验,研究了启动运行过程中各隔室COD和SO24-降解情况、VFA和S2-分布规律及颗粒污泥微生物相变化状况.结果表明,采用低负荷低增幅方式启动,在132d内成功启动ABR并达到稳定,COD和SO24-的负荷分别由1.5kg·(m3·d)-1逐渐提高到3.3kg·(m3·d-1)和由0.07kg·(m3·d-1)逐渐提高到0.18kg·(m3·d-1),COD和SO24-的去除率分别为95%和85%左右.各隔室COD沿程呈递减趋势,其去除主要由第1、4、5隔室完成,SO42-的去除主要由前面三隔室承担,前面三隔室的VFA和S2-浓度较高,到最后两隔室则急剧降低;随负荷的增加,承担COD及SO42-主要去除作用的隔室后移,前面三隔室的VFA和S2-最高点及最后两隔室的VFA和S2-的急剧降低位置也后移;各隔室的微生物经长期运行驯化后表现出良好的种群配合和高度的特异性,具有明显的产酸相与产甲烷相、硫酸盐还原相与硫单质生成相的分离特征.     

铅在棉秆基活性炭上的吸附动力学与热力学

以棉秆与棉秆纤维为原料,利用磷酸活化法制备了低成本的高比表面微孔棉秆基活性炭,通过静态实验研究了活性炭对水溶液中铅的吸附特性,测定了溶液pH值、吸附时间、溶液温度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附动力学、热力学及吸附机制.根据低温液氮(N2/77K)吸附测定数据,以BET方程、BJH法及H-K法对活性炭孔结构进行了表征,以Boehm滴定、FTIR、零电荷点pHPZC测定及元素分析定量表征活性炭表面含氧官能团.结果表明,以棉秆和棉秆纤维为原料制备的活性炭的比表面积分别为1570和1731m2·g-1,含氧酸官能团含量分别为1.43和0.83mmol·g-1,均高于商业活性炭ST1300.静态吸附实验表明,棉秆基活性炭对铅有较大的吸附容量和吸附效率,最大吸附量超过120mg·g-1,溶液pH对吸附有较大的影响,吸附量随时间增大而增大,在5min内可达饱和吸附量的80%;吸附动力学数据符合假二级方程,Freundlich方程能更好地描述等温吸附行为;热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,而焓变(ΔH0)0,说明吸附为吸热的自发反应过程,升温有利于吸附,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用.     

基于活性污泥模型的污水COD组分划分方案研究

活性污泥数学模型(ASM)在污水处理厂的成功应用与进水组分的正确划分密切相关.从标准化和定量化的角度利用3个批式试验开发了COD组分划分方案及Matlab计算程序.该方案在上海2个污水处理厂的测定结果表明,曲阳污水厂进水COD中含有8.1%±1.6%的易生物降解组分SS、6.3%±2.2%的溶解性惰性组分SI、45.5%±3.5%的慢速生物降解组分XS、31.1%±2.1%的颗粒性惰性组分XI和9.0%±1.1%的异养菌组分XH.而白龙港污水厂进水COD中含有11.1%±2.2%的SS、9.9%±2.0%的SI、38.9%±10.7%的XS、23.3%±9.8%的XI和16.9%±1.8%的XH.与曲阳污水厂相比,白龙港污水厂进水COD中XS和XI含量偏低,而XH/COD值则明显偏高,表明长距离管道输送会显著影响COD组分浓度.