Methods to summarize change among land categories across time intervals

Time-series maps have become more detailed in terms of numbers of categories and time points. Our paper proposes methods for raster datasets where detailed analysis of all categorical transitions would be initially overwhelming. We create two measurements: Incidents and States. The former is the number of times a pixel’s category changes across time intervals; the latter is the number of categories that a pixel represents across time points. The combinations of Incidents and States summarize change trajectories. We also describe categorical transitions in terms of annual flow matrices, which quantify the additional information generated by intermediate time points within the temporal extent. Our approach summarizes change at the pixel and landscape levels in ways that communicate where and how categories transition over time. These methods are useful to detect hotspots of change and to consider whether the apparent changes are real or due to map error.     

基于GIS的中原城市群经济发展水平差异分析

通过对中原城市群内9个省辖市的经济水平数据进行比较，对其经济水平进行了分析，得出在城市发展水平上存在的差异，依此差异将各城市划分为4个等级，应用GIS技术手段将城市群内的经济发展水平差异可视化，并分析其原因。     

GPS车辆行驶记录定位监控信息管理系统

利用GPS,GIS和GSM等技术,试验开发"GPS车辆行驶记录定位监控信息管理系统"。该系统由GPS定位系统、GPRS/CDMA移动通讯网络、Internet、监控中心组成。对装有车载终端的车辆进行行驶状态的数据采集,通过处理存储到数据库中,为管理人员查阅分析车辆当前状态提供数据。应用信息管理系统后,管理人员能及时了解掌握车辆的方位和状况,提高了生产和安全管理的效率,杜绝了跑私车、绕路行车等现象,有着较好的经济效益。由于信息系统的全天候、全方位监控车辆功能,为应对车辆行驶的安全突发事件的救助和决策提供了有效的手段,具有较好的安全运行效率、社会效益以及广泛的推广应用前景。     

基于GIS的热带雨林地区滑坡敏感性分析——马来西亚金马伦高原个案研究

滑坡敏感性分析对灾害评价和预测具有重要的作用。以马来西亚金马伦高原为研究区,选择坡度、坡向、地表曲率、岩性、构造、土地覆盖、地貌类型、道路和排水系统等9个要素作为评价因子,探讨运用G IS和RS技术获取、管理滑坡灾害信息,和热带雨林地区湿热环境下滑坡灾害敏感性的分析方法。条件概率模型和逻辑回归模型分别应用于滑坡灾害敏感性分析与制图,通过比较滑坡敏感性的计算结果与历史滑坡信息,验证了两种方法的有效性,结果显示,条件概率模型和逻辑回归模型的预测精度分别为77.3%和83.6%,逻辑回归法具有较好的描述精度;滑坡敏感性分析中土地利用和土地覆盖、道路设施等因素具有较高权重,人类对雨林的垦殖和开发提升了该地区滑坡发生的敏感度。     

基于社会生态系统视角的长三角地级城市韧性度评价

为提升城市应对重大冲击和慢性压力的能力,提高城市的抗打击能力与恢复能力,以及城市对抗不确定风险的韧性程度,本文结合现实背景,以城市社会生态系统的视角,对2014年长三角地区16个地级城市韧性进行实证分析。采用GIS的空间分析和叠加功能方法,从生态环境、市政设施、经济和社会发展4个方面选取24个具体指标,对长三角地区16个地级城市韧性程度及其空间状态做出评价,并确定测度标准值。首先对构成城市韧性的4个因子:生态、市政设施工程、经济以及社会发展进行分析和数字化,得出各因子对城市韧性影响程度的栅格图层;其次对图层进行空间叠加,再得到长三角地区地级城市韧性度评价图。评价结果表明:(1)长三角地级城市韧性呈现"级差化"分布状态,总体呈现出中等韧性状态;(2)长三角地级城市韧性空间分异特征显著,其北翼城市比南翼城市韧性程度较高;(3)长三角地级城市经济、生态韧性在空间分布上相对集中,趋向协调均衡发展。通过城市韧性度分析,认为评价结果基本符合近年来长三角地区城市韧性发展的整体状况,可以在一定程度上增强城市社会生态系统对外界风险的适应能力,并在今后的城市发展调适过程中更具韧性,从而对不同时空尺度的城市韧性状态评价提供一种思路。     

Towards a spatial information infrastructure for flood management in The Netherlands

The immense value of a geographic information system for flood control has been experienced by the decision-markers of the Dutch province of Gelderland during the flood of the Rivers Meuse (Maas) and Waal in January 1995. Super-imposing different ‘data layers’, GIS-experts could detect the weak parts in the dikes and generate and evacuation plan. Shortcomings within the organization were experienced as well: important data could not be retrieved, and the coordination of efforts by the different governmental departments and institutions was not optimal. To overcome these shortcomings and to optimize the modelling process, a spatial decision support system (SDSS) is being proposed, aggregating several models, heuristic and procedural, into integrated software tools. As becomes clear from two cases of flood control described, ‘emergency managers’ should be able to communicate about spatial data available and have access to selected spatial data. In order to improve communication between data sources, data processing and the use of relevant spatial data in GISs, a new ‘Spatial Information Infrastructure’ (SII) needs to be developed. This requires both technical and organizational solutions and standards. Proper documentation of the data will allow the GIS-experts to more quickly find, store, update and reuse the data. A range of ‘metadata’ services exist documenting data sets, typically limited by thematic or national boundaries. There are no standards in common practice for structuring and classifying spatial information. The user of spatial information cannot easily browse across Web-sites and compare products from different suppliers. Even, if the search has been successful, the user all too often has to face a complex process of negotiation, and highly technical data integration issues. A consortium of European GIS-experts has addressed these problems and launched the ‘European Spatial Metadata Infrastructure’ (ESMI) project with the objective to link existing and future metadata systems using Internet.     

矿井通风系统平面图专用绘制软件研制

在对现有矿井通风系统图绘制软件分析的基础上,开发了矿井通风系统平面图专用绘制软件。该软件能实现巷道绘制、交叉自动消隐处理、拓扑关系自动保存、GIS功能、巷道分区用风分支集中布置的网络图自动生成与网络解算等功能。利用该软件在淮南矿业集团某新建矿井试用,实现了前期的通风系统平面图快速绘制与后期的通风系统分析一体化,节省了大量的人力物力。     

Modelling the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions in the UK

Ammonia emissions (NH3) are characterised by a high spatial variability at a local scale. When modelling the spatial distribution of NH3 emissions, it is important to provide robust emission estimates, since the model output is used to assess potential environmental impacts, e.g. exceedance of critical loads. The aim of this study was to provide a new, updated spatial NH3 emission inventory for the UK for the year 2000, based on an improved modelling approach and the use of updated input datasets. The AENEID model distributes NH3 emissions from a range of agricultural activities, such as grazing and housing of livestock, storage and spreading of manures, and fertilizer application, at a 1-km grid resolution over the most suitable landcover types. The results of the emission calculation for the year 2000 are analysed and the methodology is compared with a previous spatial emission inventory for 1996.     

上海市洪涝灾害损失评估系统的开发

结合上海市洪涝灾害损失评估模型的研制工作，从GIS的应用开发角度，系统阐述了设计和开发上海市洪涝灾害损失评估系统的步骤和技术特征，该系统集基础信息处理、模型运算、结果查询、专题图制作、报表输出等于一体，建立了与洪水数值模型和用户实时添加方案的动态关联，整个系统开放、灵活、实用，为上海市防汛决策提供了有力的技术支持。     

浅析新疆环境应急管理与决策支持系统

针对在处理、处置突发性环境污染事故中存在的突出问题，阐述了利用GIS等技术在设计开发新疆环境应急管理与决策支持系统的总体设计理念，对其总体应用框架、主要应用功能等进行了分析。该系统设计既满足应急管理需要又考虑了污染源日常管理的工作需要，将在实际应用中发挥重要作用。