长江口南通地区农村集中式饮用水源水质状况调查

对南通市24座乡镇地表水厂以及199座乡镇地下水厂的水源水质状况进行了调查.结果表明,地表水水源地中有14座水厂达标,其取水量占地表水取水总量62.8%.水体中主要污染物是NH3-N、石油类、Imn.全市乡镇地下水厂饮用水源水质达标水厂为56座,其取水量占地下水取水总量的26.2%.全市地下水中主要污染物为NH3-N、...     

Evaluation of a conceptual model for the subsurface transport of plutonium involving surface mediated reduction of PuV to PuIV

A conceptual model is proposed to explain the transport behavior of plutonium in laboratory columns packed with a sandy coastal soil from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Savannah River Site. The column transport experiments involved the introduction of a finite step input of plutonium, predominately in the +5 oxidation state, into the columns followed by elution with a low-carbonate solution of 0.02 M NaClO4 at pH 3, 5, and 8. Total plutonium concentrations were measured in the effluent as a function of time. These elution profiles suggest at least two distinct physical/chemical forms of plutonium, each with a different mobility. To explain the observed behavior, the following conceptual model was evaluated: [1] equilibrium partitioning of plutonium (V) and plutonium (IV) between the aqueous and sorbed phases as defined by pH-dependent, oxidation-state specific distribution coefficients and [2] kinetic reduction of plutonium (V) to plutonium (IV) in the sorbed phase. The conceptual model was applied to the column experiments through a one-dimensional advective/dispersive mathematical model, and predictions of the mathematical model were compared with the experimental data. Overall, the model was successful in predicting some of the major features observed in the experiments. It also yielded quantitative estimates of the rate constant for surface mediated reduction of plutonium (V) to plutonium (IV) that were of the same order (10(-4) to 10(-5) s(-1)) as those calculated from batch data both for this soil and for goethite.     

湖南资江浪石滩地裂陷带浅析

本文是根据浪石滩地裂陷区的地形地质环境条件、现场调查和收集到的有关资料，论述了地裂陷带的发生、形成和发展，并阐明了地裂的变形机制与特征及防治措施。     

贫水化及成因与对策浅议

本文根据中国及全球淡水日趋紧张的事实，提出了贫水化的概念。在分析成因的基础上，提出了防治贫水化的一般对策，对增加人们的水荒意识有一定参考价值。     

Multi-criteria decision analysis with probabilistic risk assessment for the management of contaminated ground water

Traditionally, environmental decision analysis in subsurface contamination scenarios is performed using cost–benefit analysis. In this paper, we discuss some of the limitations associated with cost–benefit analysis, especially its definition of risk, its definition of cost of risk, and its poor ability to communicate risk-related information. This paper presents an integrated approach for management of contaminated ground water resources using health risk assessment and economic analysis through a multi-criteria decision analysis framework. The methodology introduces several important concepts and definitions in decision analysis related to subsurface contamination. These are the trade-off between population risk and individual risk, the trade-off between the residual risk and the cost of risk reduction, and cost-effectiveness as a justification for remediation. The proposed decision analysis framework integrates probabilistic health risk assessment into a comprehensive, yet simple, cost-based multi-criteria decision analysis framework. The methodology focuses on developing decision criteria that provide insight into the common questions of the decision-maker that involve a number of remedial alternatives. The paper then explores three potential approaches for alternative ranking, a structured explicit decision analysis, a heuristic approach of importance of the order of criteria, and a fuzzy logic approach based on fuzzy dominance and similarity analysis. Using formal alternative ranking procedures, the methodology seeks to present a structured decision analysis framework that can be applied consistently across many different and complex remediation settings. A simple numerical example is presented to demonstrate the proposed methodology. The results showed the importance of using an integrated approach for decision-making considering both costs and risks. Future work should focus on the application of the methodology to a variety of complex field conditions to better evaluate the proposed methodology.     

The influence of grassland management on ground beetles (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in Swiss montane meadows

Effects of grassland management type and intensity on carabid species richness, number of individuals and species composition were studied in the Swiss Prealps. Carabids were censused in 2001 and 2002 in 21 mown and 20 grazed meadows by means of pitfall traps.Mean species richness was significantly higher in mown plots than in grazed plots and species composition was significantly different between these two management types. Additionally, different species characteristic for mown and grazed plots were found. These results suggest that mown meadows and grazed meadows represent two habitat types for carabid beetles.Within both habitats, management intensity was quantified by fertilizing intensity, the number of cuts, cattle density and/or grazing intensity. The relationship between management intensity and the number of individuals and species was positive. Higher fertilizing intensity was the most important factor for higher species richness and had a significant influence on species composition in both habitats. Other variables positively related to the number of individuals, were the number of cuts in mown meadows and grazing intensity and altitude in grazed meadows. Additionally to fertilizing intensity, cattle density was positively related to the number of species in grazed meadows. These results illustrate that in the extensive management systems found in the Swiss Alps and Prealps, even intensively managed meadows can sustain high carabid diversity and abundance.     

饮用水中N0_3~-去除

研究了粒状滤床生化反应柱对NO_3~-去除特性。结果表明,当容积负荷范围为每日1.92～3.84kg(NO_3~--N)/m~3时,反硝化率为95.7％～100％,相应CH_3OH消耗量为每日4.9～9.8kg/m~3;COD_(Cr)去除负荷为每日7.3～14.6kg/m~3。进水NO_3~-浓度越低,达到完全反硝化所需的C/N值越高;投加的C/N值越高,实际消耗的C/N值越高;当投加的C/N值低时,其消耗的C/N值也低,越接近于理论值(CH_3OH:NO_3~--N=2.47),相应的出水残留有机物也低(COD_(Cr)<10mL);投加的C/N值低于一定值时,NO_3~-将不能全部转化成氮气,此时水中的NO_2~-浓度<1mg/L;反硝化过程导致pH提高,当NO_3~-浓度<40mg/L时,pH<8.5。     

濮阳县地裂缝成因分析

1997年8月,濮阳县胡状乡几个村庄相继发生地裂缝。经过详细调查研究,得出是由于干旱引起地下水位下降,浅层土体收缩并产生不均匀沉降而致,并非构造成因的结论。以后几年,濮阳县柳屯等地也发生过同样地裂缝,验证了这一结论。这项工作为研究濮阳地区大面积干旱而产生的地裂缝提供了实例,对区分是否构造成因地裂缝有一定的参考意义。同时对建设部门规划和处理房屋地基具有实用价值。     

佳木斯市地下水开发利用引发的主要环境地质问题及保护战略

文章阐述了地下水在开发利用过程中引发的主要环境地质问题及根源,提出了地下水合理开发利用的保护战略。     

重庆几种地表类型土/气界面汞交换通量

应用RA915+汞分析仪与动力通量箱(DFC)联用技术,在重庆市不同区域选取几种地表类型(3个林地、2个草地和1个耕地)进行了土气界面间汞交换通量的研究.结果表明,汞交换通量范围为-59～733.8ng·m-2·h-1,平均值为115.8ng·m-2·h-1,汞交换通量大小顺序为污染区(气象站)>裸地(耕地)>大学园区(草地)>清洁区(林地).土壤汞含量、光照强度、相对湿度、土壤温度等环境因素对汞交换通量有较大影响.同时对区域汞释放进行了初步的估算,2003年重庆市从林地、耕地(旱地)和草地释放到大气中的总汞量约为791kg,释放强度为17.1g·km-2·a-1.