Fast screening compositions of PM2.5 by ATR-FTIR: Comparison with results from IC andOC/EC analyzers

Chemical speciation of fine particles or PM_(2.5) collected on filters is still a costly and timeconsuming task. In this study, filter-based PM_(2.5) samples were collected during November–December 2013 at four sites in Guangzhou, and the major components were fast screened(~7 min per filter sample) by Attenuated Total Reflectance(ATR)-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic(FTIR) in comparison with that measured by Organic carbon/Element carbon(OC/EC) analyzer and Ion Chromatography(IC). The concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, sulfate,primary organic carbon(POC) and secondary organic carbon(SOC) measured by OC/EC and IC analyzers were better correlated with their infrared absorption peak heights at 1320 cm~(-1) for nitrate, 1435, 3045 and 3215 cm~(-1) for ammonium, 615 cm~(-1) for sulfate, 690, 760 and 890 cm~(-1) for POC and 1640 and 1660 cm~(-1) for SOC respectively, during polluted days(PM_(2.5) 75 μg/m~3) than during clean days(PM_(2.5)≤ 75 μg/m~3). With the evolution of a haze episode during our field campaign, the concentrations of the major PM_(2.5) components displayed consistent variations with their infrared absorption peak heights, suggesting ATR-FTIR could be a fast and useful technique to characterize filter-based PM_(2.5) compositions particularly during pollution events although cautions should be taken when PM_(2.5) levels are low. Notably, elevated PM_(2.5) mass concentrations occurred with enhanced ratios of [NO_(-3)]/[SO_4~(2-)] and [NH~(+4)]/[SO_4~(2-)], implying that nitrogenous components play vital roles in the PM_(2.5) pollution events in the study region.     

Understanding unusually high levels of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in winter in Urban Jinan, China

Peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), as a major secondary pollutant, has gained increasing worldwide attentions, but relevant studies in China are still quite limited. During winter of 2015 to summer of 2016, the ambient levels of PAN were measured continuously by an automatic gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector(GC–ECD) analyzer at an urban site in Jinan(China), with related parameters including concentrations of O3, NO, NO_2, PM_(2.5), HONO,the photolysis rate constant of NO_2 and meteorological factors observed concurrently. The mean and maximum values of PAN concentration were(1.89 ± 1.42) and 9.61 ppbv respectively in winter, and(2.54 ± 1.44) and 13.47 ppbv respectively in summer. Unusually high levels of PAN were observed during severe haze episodes in winter, and the formation mechanisms of them were emphatically discussed. Study showed that high levels of PAN in winter were mainly caused by local accumulation and strong photochemical reactions during haze episodes, while mass transport played only a minor role. Accelerated photochemical reactions(compared to winter days without haze) during haze episodes were deduced by the higher concentrations but shorter lifetimes of PAN, which was further supported by the sufficient solar radiation in the photolysis band along with the high concentrations of precursors(NO_2, VOCs) and HONO during haze episodes. In addition, significant PAN accumulation during calm weather of haze episodes was verified by meteorological data.     

西安市秋季灰霾天气微生物气溶胶的特性研究

为探明西安市秋季灰霾天气条件下微生物气溶胶的特性,于2014年10月7日到23日两次灰霾过程期间,在西安市长安大学站点,采用Andersen六级撞击式空气采样器对细菌与真菌气溶胶进行采样,并对其浓度、粒径、种属分布及其与气象因素的相关关系进行详细分析.结果表明,在灰霾天期间,可培养细菌与真菌气溶胶的浓度水平分别为1102~1737 CFU·m-~3和1466~1704 CFU·m-~3,不仅远高于非灰霾天微生物气溶胶的浓度值,也超过了中国科学院推荐的标准值.在非灰霾天气条件下,空气中大部分可培养细菌气溶胶(79.7%)与真菌气溶胶(74.6%)均分布在粗颗粒范围(2.1μm),它们的中位径(NMD)分别为(2.32±0.12)μm、(2.48±0.24)μm;而在灰霾天气条件下,可培养细菌气溶胶与真菌气溶胶的中位径分别为(1.96±0.29)μm和(2.44±0.23)μm.此外,在灰霾天期间,空气中优势细菌除了葡萄球菌属(Micrococcus)与微球菌属(Staphylococcus)外,还鉴定出了非霾天没有检测出的致病菌种奈瑟氏菌属(Neisseria);而真菌在灰霾天时,除了曲霉属(Aspergillus)检出频率大幅提高外,还出现了非霾天未鉴定出的致病菌属拟青霉属(Paecilomyces)与头孢霉属(Cephalosporium).研究表明,相比于非灰霾天气,灰霾天气下有更高的微生物气溶胶暴露风险.研究结果可以为评估灰霾暴发时微生物气溶胶引起的环境与健康效应提供基础数据.     

Variation of airborne quartz in air of Beijing during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Leaders' Meeting

Quartz particles are a toxic component of airborne paniculate matter(PM).Quartz concentrations were analyzed by X-ray diffraction in eighty-seven airborne PM samples collected from three locations in Beijing before,during,and after the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) Leaders' Meeting in 2014.The results showed that the mean concentrations of quartz in PM samples from the two urban sites were considerably higher than those from the rural site.The quartz concentrations in samples collected after the APEC meeting,when the pollution restriction lever was lifted,were higher than those in the samples collected before or during the APEC meeting.The quartz concentrations ranged from 0.97 to 13.2 μg/m~3,which were among the highest values amid those reported from other countries.The highest quartz concentration exceeded the Californian Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment reference exposure level and was close to the occupational threshold limit values for occupational settings.Moreover,a correlation analysis showed that quartz concentrations were positively correlated with concentrations of pollution parameters PM_(10),PM_(2.5),SO_2 and NO_x,but were negatively correlated with O_3 concentration.The results suggest that the airborne quartz particles may potentially pose health risks to the general population of Beijing.     

水和废水中五日生化需氧量测定全程质量控制

质量控制是环境监测赖以生存和发展的基础,加强全程质量控制才能确保监测数据的准确性和可靠性。结合环境监测工作实际,应用最新修订国标方法-稀释与接种法(HJ505-2009)对水和废水中五日生化需氧量测定进行了全程质量控制技术探讨。概述了方法原理,简介了方法所需仪器与试剂,深入探讨了运用该方法进行水和废水中五日生化需氧量测定全程质量控制技术问题。指出在最新修订国标方法基础上,正确进行水样干扰消除和预处理操作,准确确定水样稀释倍数,严格控制测定和培养温度,优先选取电化学探头法测定溶解氧浓度,准确进行测定结果数据处理,切实规范监测数据结果填报,能够在确保水样五日生化需氧量测定精密度和准确度的同时简化大批量成分复杂水样测定过程。     

增加绿化面积减少沈阳灰霾的应用研究

通过对气候变暖和沈阳城市的发展造成沈阳城市热岛增强并加重大气污染的现状分析,提出通过增加绿化面积等措施,可将沈阳的灰霾日数控制在每年60d左右,还能够降低城市温度,增加空气湿度,提高人体舒适度并促进经济发展。     

河西走廊东部冬春季积雪对沙尘天气的影响

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961─2007年逐月积雪深度、积雪日数和沙尘天气的常规观测资料,分析了河西走廊东部冬春季积雪深度、积雪日数和春夏季沙尘日数的时空变化特征,进而探讨河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘天气的关系. 结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区的积雪多于低海拔地区;沙尘日数从西北向东南递减,低海拔地区的沙尘日数明显多于高海拔地区. 河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘日数呈显著负相关. 积雪深度与沙尘日数的负相关性高于积雪日数与沙尘日数的负相关性;冬春季积雪对春季沙尘的影响大于对夏季沙尘的影响;山区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性高于平原区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性.      

中国西北地区持续干期日数时空变化特征

采用1961-2011 年111 个地面观测站逐日降水量资料,分析了中国西北地区近51 a 四季持续干期日数变化趋势。结果表明：近51 a 来西北全区春季和冬季持续干期日数都呈明显的下降趋势,冬季的下降幅度达到-1.6 d·(10 a)^-1,而夏季和秋季变化趋势不太明显。空间分布上该区大部分地区持续干期日数变化倾向率春季呈减少趋势,变化倾向率在-5.0～5.0d·(10 a)^-1之间;夏季不同的区域变化趋势不同;秋季西北西部呈减少趋势,而西北东部则呈增加趋势;冬季除陕西南部的关中平原和秦巴山地外,其他大部分地区呈减少趋势,变化倾向率在-6.0～3.0 d·(10 a)^-1之间。持续干期日数年代际变化和空间变化趋势在不同自然区变化趋势也存在差异。     

Modeling radiative effects of haze on summer-time convective precipitation over North China: a case study

We modeled the impact of haze radiative effects on precipitation in North China. Shortwave heating induced by haze radiative effects would reduce heavy rainfalls. Convection was the key factor that whether precipitation was enhanced or suppressed. Precipitation was often suppressed where CAPE, RH and updraft velocities were high. The impact of haze radiative effect on summertime 24-h convective precipitation over North China was investigated using WRF model (version 3.3) through model sensitivity studies between scenarios with and without aerosol radiative effects. The haze radiative effect was represented by incorporating an idealized aerosol optical profile, with AOD values around 1, derived from the aircraft measurement into the WRF shortwave scheme. We found that the shortwave heating induced by aerosol radiative effects would significantly reduce heavy rainfalls, although its effect on the post-frontal localized thunderstorm precipitation was more diverse. To capture the key factors that determine whether precipitation is enhanced or suppressed, model grids with 24-h precipitation difference between the two scenarios exceeding certain threshold (>30 mm or<-30 mm) were separated into two sets. Analyses of key meteorological variables between the enhanced and suppressed regimes suggested that atmospheric convection was the most important factor that determined whether precipitation was enhanced or suppressed during summertime over North China. The convection was stronger over places with precipitation enhancement over 30 mm. Haze weakened the convection over places with precipitation suppression exceeding 30 mm and caused less water vapor to rise to a higher level and thus further suppressed precipitation. The suppression of precipitation was often accompanied with relatively high convective available potential energy (CAPE), relative humidity (RH) and updraft velocities.     

北京地区霾/颗粒物污染与土地利用/覆盖的时空关联分析

土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)直接或间接影响颗粒物污染,为定量评价颗粒物污染与土地利用在时序变化和空间分布上的关系,使用北京市长期气象资料、土地利用数据、实测颗粒物浓度数据和遥感影像,结合GIS空间分析和典型相关分析方法,对北京市霾日数与土地利用变化的响应关系、以及局地土地利用类型对颗粒物污染浓度空间分布的影响进行了定量评价.结果表明:从时序变化的角度看,北京市(行政区内)1996~2008年间霾日数与生态用地和耕地表现为显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.574和-0.592,与建设用地、居民点及工矿用地和交通用地则呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.595、0.609和0.590;北京城区(五环内)1989~2012年间霾日数与生态用地、耕地和建设用地变化趋势具有良好的响应关系,其中城市区域扩张对霾日数影响显著,建成区面积与霾日数显著正相关,相关系数为0.876.从空间分布的角度看,建筑工地、道路和裸地3种下垫面类型的颗粒物浓度要明显高于其他类型;在0.5km和1km缓冲区内,绿地面积与PM1.0浓度呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.542和-0.507,建筑面积与PM1.0浓度呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.469和0.537.总体来看,北京地区颗粒物污染水平、空间分布格局与土地利用/覆盖状况具有良好的时空关联性.