猪粪污厌氧发酵沼液SS、COD的混凝预处理效果研究

通过混凝沉淀试验,运用无机、有机高分子混凝剂对猪粪污厌氧发酵沼液进行预处理,考察其悬浮物(SS)和COD的去除效果,探索混凝沉淀工艺对降低该类沼液后续处理难度的可行性。研究表明,投加2.6 g/L混凝剂N可去除沼液SS为44.9%~67.6%,同时添加5.0 mg/L阳离子型助凝剂,SS去除率最高,并同时可去除COD为33.3%,添加阳离子型助凝剂对SS和COD的去除均具有较好的促进作用,混凝沉淀处理后沼液SS与COD呈极显著正相关,说明可通过对SS进行优化去除的方式进一步协同削减沼液COD。     

生命周期评价方法在生活垃圾填埋中的应用与问题分析

对生活垃圾填埋过程中的生命周期评价方法按环境影响指标、计算方法与软件以及研究类型进行了分类总结。填埋过程导致的温室效应以及酸化效应造成的环境影响最大。通过分别讨论垃圾组成与特性、系统边界、计算规则、参数选取、敏感性分析以及时间效应对于生命周期评价产生的影响为后续研究提出参考。     

松花江底泥沉积物中重金属释放影响因素的研究

以松花江哈尔滨段底泥沉积物为实验对象,研究松花江底泥沉积物中重金属的释放规律,使用循环槽(circulating flume)模拟松花江水力学条件,考察了重金属在上覆水和底泥中的沉积和释放。结果表明:松花江哈尔滨段底泥沉积物中重金属只有镉(Cd)超标,其它检测出重金属没有超标;随着温度升高,沉积物重金属溶出释放量也随之增加;重金属在酸性条件下的释放量明显高于碱性条件下的释放量;水体盐度升高,沉积物重金属的溶出释放也随之升高;水体扰动达到160 r/min时,重金属的释放达到最高值。     

环保PPP的八维变量分析及在重金属污染治理中的应用

对PPP应用的主要领域做了分析,并对市政环保领域利用"八维变量分析法"进行了研究,分别从资产条件、项目条件、经营条件3个方向对投资强度、资产沉淀性、资产变现、供应预期、边界清晰度、付费模式、经营增值空间和公益偏见八个变量展开研究,对重金属治理的PPP应用进行了分析,提出重金属治理PPP领域主要存在于环境监测与检测、末端治理和环境修复市场。     

5种沉水植物对重金属富集能力的对比研究

为了探求不同的沉水植物对水体中重金属吸收富集能力的差异,采用原子吸收光谱法,对淮河支流东风渠水体及水体中常见的5种沉水植物:菹草、黑藻、龙须眼子菜、穗花狐尾藻及小茨藻进行了铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)含量分析。结果表明:5种沉水植物样品中重金属含量远远高于水体重金属背景值,对重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的富集系数为58~1 515,对Zn富集最强,最大富集量达到242.42 mg/kg,富集系数为1 515。不同的沉水植物对重金属的吸收富集优势存在明显差异,利用沉水植物来修复水体重金属污染时,须依据不同的污染元素来选择合适的沉水植物。     

响应曲面法优化镍转炉渣氧压选择性浸出工艺

为了优化镍转炉渣加压条件下H₂SO₄选择性浸出Co、Ni、Cu,抑制Fe浸出的工艺,采用响应曲面法的中心组合设计原理,建立影响选择性浸出率的二次多项式数学模型,研究浸出温度、c(H₂SO₄)及液固比及上述因素两两交互作用对提高Co、Ni、Cu浸出率及减少Fe浸出率的影响规律. 结果表明:浸出温度和c(H₂SO₄)对浸出率影响最显著,液固比次之. c(H₂SO₄)越高,Co、Ni、Cu和Fe的浸出率越高,而提高浸出温度有利于降低Fe浸出率. 响应曲面法优化获得的最佳工艺条件:浸出温度为210 ℃、c(H₂SO₄)为0.38 mol/L、液固比为4.25 mL/g,在该条件下,Co和Ni的浸出率均大于98%,Cu浸出率大于96%,Fe浸出率小于0.4%. 浸出控制参数优化后提高了有价金属的浸出率,同时也降低了Fe浸出率,实现了镍转炉渣中有价金属的回收及其与Fe的高效分离.      

飞灰添加对沥青铺路烟气PAHs释放的影响

为评估生活垃圾焚烧飞灰替代矿粉生产沥青混合料及其路面浇筑全过程中PAHs的环境风险,采用实验室模拟与实际铺筑过程相结合的方法,改变飞灰添加量(以w计,0、3%、4%和5%)和加热温度(200、165、145和80 ℃),以对PAHs的释放规律进行研究. 结果表明:在实际筑路过程中,PAHs的释放受加热温度的影响较大,ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)随加热温度的下降而降低,其中混合料制备和道路开放使用阶段的ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)分别为249.0～378.0、72.1～95.1 μg/m3;但在路面浇筑阶段ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)有增加的趋势,为254.0～571.0 μg/m3,并且在该阶段内ρ(4环PAHs)降低,低环(2～3环)和高环(5～6环)的PAHs质量浓度升高. 飞灰的添加抑制了PAHs的释放,w(∑₁₆PAHs)在10.4～12.3 μg/kg之间,毒性当量浓度(以TEQ计)在0.011 μg/kg左右. 飞灰的添加抑制了以萘为主的低环PAHs的释放,并且在3%添加量时对PAHs的抑制效果最好;在飞灰添加量为3%、4%和5%时,w(萘)分别降低了42.7%、32.2%和35.3%.      

一套民用固体燃料燃烧大气污染物排放测试系统的搭建和评测

为研究民用固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放特征,设计了一套箱式稀释采样测试系统.相比于常用的烟罩法和烟道采样法,该系统能减小环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的影响,同时收集了炉具泄漏的烟气,能更准确获得固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放水平.本文介绍了该系统的设计思路、主要结构组成和测试系统的性能评估结果.评估结果表明:进气经过滤后颗粒物浓度显著下降至约1μg·m-3,远小于燃烧过程中排放的颗粒物浓度(约100μg·m-3),有效减少环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的干扰;使用箱式法测得PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子结果均高于箱体敞开的对照组测试,证明箱式法收集测试了燃烧时泄漏至室内的污染物,有效减少污染物泄漏造成的误差.利用该系统测试了12种常见民用煤和3种生物质燃料燃烧PM_(2.5)、SO2、NOx等污染物排放水平,其中民用煤PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为0.23~3.40 mg·g~(-1)、0.48~6.15 mg·g~(-1)和0.16~1.09 mg·g~(-1),生物质燃料的PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为6.26~39.76 mg·g~(-1)、0.04~0.23 mg·g~(-1)和0.05~0.76 mg·g~(-1).     

Waste‐to‐energy recovery potential: A case study at Jaipur railway station

A study was conducted at the Jaipur railway station in Jaipur, India, to give the perspectives of the actual waste management practices there. Required information was collected from the stakeholders by means of semi‐structured questionnaires, individual and group interviews, and recorded, official data regarding waste generation, collection, transportation, and disposal. Further quantitative and compositional analyses were performed by means of surveys and measurements. Field visits were made for collection of waste samples for quantification and for the study of its management. The field data were compiled and analyzed by sorting the waste into different components. It was found that 1.8 tons of solid waste is collected per day, and a considerable percentage of it comprises paper, plastic, and glass. Excluding the inerts, which are irrelevant from the point of view of energy saving and recovery potential, the average moisture content was found to be 3.38%. From the perspective of life cycle analysis, the option of composting or recycling would give savings of 28.33 gigajoules (GJ) per day over landfilling, while combustion would give savings of 2.97 GJ per day in comparison to landfilling. Analysis based on a compositional model gives a heat value of 8,157.87 kilojoules per kilogram, which amounts to 14.68 GJ of energy per day.     

Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution

In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low‐cost adsorbent to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb²⁺), and zinc (II) ion (Zn²⁺) from an aqueous solution. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations concentrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main composition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO₂), alumina (Al₂O₃), and zirconia (ZrO₂). The change in the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were analyzed using 2‐ and 3‐parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3‐parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ can be effectively removed from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.