我国公众灾害教育研究综述

面向公众的灾害教育是防灾减灾工作中的重要一环。通过对公众灾害教育相关研究梳理,明确其概况、实施途径,在此基础上提出策略促进其开展,进而提高全民防灾素养。     

城市生活垃圾管理规划优化研究

通过研究为城市生活垃圾规划管理系统建立了不确定性多目标规划模型 ,并将其应用于深圳市。目前深圳市主要有 2种处理方式 :焚烧和填埋。根据不确定性多目标规划模型 ,在此就深圳市内生活垃圾处理规划未来 5a内(2 0 0 3～ 2 0 0 7年 )进行了 4种情景计算和分析 ,包括 :保证系统经济投入最小化 ;保证处理过程中大气污染最小化 ;保证处理过程中地下水污染最小化 ;以及结合当地专家和政府部门的偏好等。根据结果比较 ,认为第 4种处理方案最为科学。     

磷石膏制硫酸钾中试研究

以湿法磷酸副产的磷石膏和工业品氯化钾为原料 ,采用两步法 ,常温常压下 ,在 5 0 0 0t a工业化装置中 ,生产符合国标ZBG2 10 0 6 89农用一级品硫酸钾。整个过程流程较简单 ,能耗低 ,投资省 ,基本无“三废”排放。钾的收率达70 %。工艺条件稳定 ,产品质量稳定。中试结果与小试有较好的重复性 ,放大效果好。     

Impacts of farmer field schools on productivity of vegetable farming in Indonesia

This study assesses the impact of farmer field schools (FFS) on the productivity of vegetable farming in vegetable‐producing areas of East Java and Bali, Indonesia. The FFS have equipped over 3,000 vegetable farmers with integrated crop management knowledge applicable to chilies and tomatoes. The FFS are expected to enhance farmers’ capacity such that they can increase production. This study employs a difference‐in‐differences (DiD) method to overcome selection bias. A survey of 250 FFS‐graduated farmers and 250 non‐FFS farmers were purposively randomly selected from the overall community of farmers. Focus group discussion was used to support the survey. The results indicate that FFS were successful for enhancing farmers’ capability in vegetable farming. Farmers who participated in FFS have higher productivity than those who did not. Farmers also could adapt and adopt the knowledge gained from FFS as they underwent a process of learning by doing. The impacts of the increase in farmers’ capacity can be more evident if weaknesses during the FFS preparation and implementation can be overcome, to ensure more participation, flexibility to fit different conditions/needs and continuous learning.     

我国对大湄公河次区域国家投资与贸易环境影响的估算研究

本文运用改进的IPCC延伸法,将资源环境要素引入投资与贸易核算,将经济价值量引入排放因子,将CO2排放量作为环境影响的一个指标,从国家层面估算投资贸易的环境影响。结果表明:我国对大湄公河次区域国家投资与贸易带来的环境影响,总体利好,各国有差异。     

概率分析法在污水海洋排放近区模拟中的应用

污水海洋排放时需要分析排放口近区的羽流几何特性和稀释特性,概率分析法是其中重要的方法之一．本文阐述了概率分析法的基本原理,通过实例演示了概率分析法应用于污水海洋排放近区模拟分析的过程． 根据概率分析法所提供的结果,总结了概率分析法的优点,即提供了排放口近区的全面信息,由此可以进行后续工作,如远区模拟和风险评估;结合实例, 指出了应用概率分析法的局限,它对输入信息量和计算速度（ 计算工作量） 的要求较高;随计算机运算速度的提高和自动监测技术的发展,应用概率分析法的这一局限可以克服,因此,概率分析法具有广阔的应用前景．     

Discovery of emerging organic pollutants in the atmosphere through an omics approach

● We review the framework of discovering emerging pollutants through an omics approach. ● High-resolution MS can digitalize atmospheric samples to full-component data. ● Chemical features and databases can help to translate untargeted data to compounds. ● Biological effect-directed untargeted analyses consider both existence and toxicity. Ambient air pollution, containing numerous known and hitherto unknown compounds, is a major risk factor for public health. The discovery of harmful components is the prerequisite for pollution control; however, this raises a great challenge on recognizing previously unknown species. Here we systematically review the analytical techniques on air pollution in the framework of an omics approach, with a brief introduction on sample preparation and analysis, and in more detail, compounds prioritization and identification. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS, typically coupled with chromatography), the complicated environmental matrix can be digitalized into “full-component” data. A key step to discover emerging compounds is the prioritization of compounds from massive data. Chemical fingerprints, suspect lists and biological effects are the most vital untargeted strategies for comprehensively screening critical and hazardous substances. Afterward, compressed data of compounds can be identified at various confidence levels according to exact mass and the derived molecular formula, MS libraries, and authentic standards. Such an omics approach on full-component data provides a paradigm for discovering emerging air pollutants; nonetheless, new technological advancements of instruments and databases are warranted for further tracking the environmental behaviors, hence to evaluate the health risk of key pollutants.     

两级序批式MBR膜污染特性研究

采用两级SBR与膜法相结合的两级序批式MBR工艺处理生活污水,考察两级序批式运行模式对膜污染特性的影响.对运行111 d后的平板膜污染阻力分布进行了测算,并对两级序批式MBR与连续流单级好氧MBR的平板膜污染速率进行对比试验.结果表明: 两级序批式MBR的平板膜污染阻力以凝胶极化阻力为主,占总阻力的43%,沉积阻力较低,仅占总阻力的10%;与连续流单级好氧MBR相比,两级序批式MBR可以在更高的膜通量下运行,保持更低的膜污染速率,在运行42 d后,过膜流量从100 L/h下降至85 L/h,过膜压差从1.52×10~4 Pa增加至2.22×10~4 Pa;而连续流好氧MBR系统,过膜流量从61 L/h降低至39 L/h,过膜压差却从1.01×10~4 Pa增加至2.63×10~4 Pa.研究表明,两级序批式MBR工艺可以改善膜过滤过程的水力条件,从而有效地减缓浓差极化,降低沉积污染及凝胶层污染,序批式、膜间歇运行与空曝的结合起到了关键性作用.     

Five-wheel framework for system-based monitoring of heavy metal pollution in rivers

Sectorial approach for monitoring heavy metal pollution in rivers has failed to report realistic pollution status and associated ecological and human health risks. The increasing spread of heavy metals from different sources and emerging risks to human and environmental health call for reexamining heavy metal pollution monitoring frameworks. Also, the sources, spread, and load of heavy metals in the environment have changed significantly over time, requiring consequent modification in the monitoring frameworks. Therefore, studies on heavy metal monitoring in rivers conducted in the last decade were evaluated for experimental designs, research frameworks, and data presentations. Most studies (∼99%) (i) lacked inclusiveness of all environmental compartments; (ii) focused on “one pollutant – one/two compartment” or sometimes “one pollutant – one compartment – one effect” approach; and (iii) remained “data-rich but information poor.” An ecological approach with integrative system thinking is proposed to develop a holistic approach for monitoring river pollution. It is visualized that heavy metal monitoring, risk analyses, and water management must incorporate tracking pollutants in different environmental compartments of a river (water, sediment, and floodplain/bank soil) and consider correlating it with riverbank land use. The systems-based pollution monitoring and assessment studies will reveal the critical factors that drive heavy metals pollutant movement in ecosystems and associated potential risks to the environment, wildlife, and humans. Also, water quality and pollution indexing tools would help better communicate complex pollution data and associated risks among all stakeholders. Therefore, integrating systems approaches in scientific- and policy-based tools would help sustainably manage the health of rivers, wildlife, and humans.     

辽宁省港口邻近区域海运废气排放测算

为准确测算沿海地区船舶废气排放量,基于试验数据确定了NO_x、CO、HC和CO₂排放因子;结合文献资料和海事局进出港船舶签证数据,采用基于船舶活动过程的方法测算了2014年辽宁省港口邻近区域〔距港口减速区外边界25 n mile(1 n mile=1 852 m)以外的边界线与港口陆地岸线所围成的区域〕海运废气排放清单. 结果表明:2014年辽宁省港口邻近区域海运NO_x、CO、HC、CO₂、SO₂和PM(颗粒物)的排放量分别为11 827.1、971.4、399.6、1 097 426.5、11 654.1和959.2 t;散货船、集装箱船和油船3种主要类型船舶的NO_x、CO、HC、CO₂、SO₂和PM的分担率之和分别为74.7%、77.8%、70.8%、68.0%、70.9%和70.6%;主机NO_x、CO、HC、CO₂、SO₂和PM的分担率最大,分别为63.7%、63.0%、46.0%、40.4%、46.4%和45.3%;停泊工况下的NO_x、CO、HC、CO₂、SO₂和PM排放量分别为3 318.3、281.7、168.3、520 194.9、4 894.0和411.5 t. 船舶降速运行、减少停港时间、燃用低硫油和向船舶供应岸电等措施能降低港口邻近区域海运废气排放. 基础数据缺乏或数据代表性不足给废气排放清单带来了一定的不确定性.