氮在高含沙水向人工浅水湖泊补水期间的变化规律

外来补给水源的水质和作为污染物载体的悬浮颗粒物对人工浅水湖泊的影响备受关注.在2012年4月23～25日东昌湖引黄河水补水期间,从入湖口到出湖口的纵断面5个监测点同步监测流量、泥沙和溶解态氮、颗粒态氮含量,并于23日和26日在整个湖区12个监测点采集水样和底泥样进行不同形态氮含量分析.结果表明,补水导致入湖口附近的流速、悬浮颗粒物含量有明显的上升和回落,但影响范围有限;氮素的空间分布沿入湖湖流方向呈现一定的浓度梯度,入湖口附近水体、悬浮颗粒物和底泥中各形态氮含量比其他湖区高;从入湖口到出湖口的纵断面,补水阶段各种形态氮含量变化幅度依次降低,补水后溶解态和颗粒态总氮含量有不同程度的增加,其中颗粒态总氮增幅较大,受黄河补水影响显著.本次黄河补水氮素以溶解态氮为主,溶解态总氮∶颗粒态总氮=7.3∶1,溶解态氮形态以硝氮为主,颗粒态氮形态以氨氮为主.氨氮受外源补水和悬浮颗粒物吸附沉降影响较大,补水阶段悬浮颗粒物含量与颗粒态氨氮、总氮的相关系数是0.868、0.876,而硝氮受其影响不大.东昌湖底泥氮主要以有机氮形式存在,其输入源是黄河水及泥沙颗粒.     

巢湖水体和水产品中多环芳烃的含量与健康风险

利用GC-MS测定了巢湖水体15个样品及9种主要水产品中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型估算了巢湖地区居民由于饮水、洗澡及食用水产品造成的PAHs暴露量.在此基础上,利用概率风险评价和蒙特卡罗模拟方法分析了巢湖水体与水产品中PAHs的健康风险及其不确定性.研究结果表明,巢湖水体中16种优控PAHs总含量(PAH16)范围为95.63～370.13ng·L-1,平均为(170.72 ±70.79) ng·L-1,BaP当量浓度(Bapeq)为(1.43±0.79) ng·L-1;水产品中PAH16的干重含量范围为129.33 ～575.31 ng·g-1,均值为(320.93±147.50) ng·g-1,BaP当量浓度为(4.67±6.68) ng·g-1.巢湖地区居民由于饮水和洗浴造成的PAH16暴露量分别为(5.76±2.39)×10-3 ng·kg-1·d-1和(25.08±10.40)×10-3 ng·kg-1·d-1,城镇与农村居民食用水产品造成的PAH16暴露量分别为(190.86±84.17) ng· kg-1· d-1和(75.88±33.47) ng·kg-1·d-1;水产品食用是巢湖地区居民PAHs暴露的主要途径.洗浴和饮水造成的PAH16暴露风险分别为(6.33±4.70)×10-9 a-1和(4.32±2.47) ×10-7 a-1,城镇与农村居民食用水产品造成的PAH16暴露风险分别为(3.17±3.79)×10-5 a-1和(1.25±1.50) ×10-5 a-1;居民食用水产的PAH16暴露风险高于USEPA建议的可接受风险(1.0×10-6 a-1),存在一定的致癌风险.水产品食用风险的不确定度较高,Bap当量浓度是影响风险评估不确定性的主要因素.     

程海沉积物重金属时空变化及人为污染与潜在生态风险

沉积物重金属污染是影响湖泊等水体环境质量与健康的主要因素之一.通过对程海9个沉积短岩芯中10种金属元素含量的分析,在~(210)Pb与~(137)Cs定年的基础上,研究了沉积物中重金属含量与污染的时空变化特征;采用潜在生态风险指数法与沉积物质量基准法、并参考重金属污染水平,评估了表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,各岩芯不同年代沉积物中,除了Cd含量变化较大之外(变异系数为0.59),其余各金属元素含量变化均较小(变异系数小于0.20);空间上,各岩芯之间每一种金属的平均含量差异较小,最大值与最小值的比值为1.2~1.8,显示了不同湖区重金属较为相似的富集规律.沉积物中主要污染元素为Cd、Pb和Hg,其中Cd和Pb污染始于20世纪80年代中期;近十年来Cd污染程度稍有下降,但仍呈中等污染水平,而Pb污染程度持续增加,属于弱污染水平;Hg污染始于20世纪90年代末期,呈弱污染水平;而As、Cu和Zn仅在部分近表层沉积物呈现较弱污染.空间上,沉积物中重金属污染水平并未表现出明显的趋势.除了大气沉降(主要为有色金属冶炼释放)输入之外,程海沉积物重金属污染还可能受到农业面源与生活污水排放的影响.表层沉积物中As、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn具有较低的潜在生态风险,Hg和Cd具有中-高潜在生态风险.     

Lake area changes in the middle Yangtze region of China over the 20th century

The Jianghan Plain and the Dongting lake area, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are famous for their abundant freshwater lakes. The lakes have undergone changes in size and number over thousands of years due to natural causes and human activities. The 20th century particularly, witnessed dramatic changes in the freshwater resources of this region. This paper traces and analyzes lake evolution in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River over the past century. Lakes greater than 0.1 km(2) in size are mapped using Geographic Information System. Data is acquired and integrated from drainage network maps, relief maps, historical maps and remotely sensed images for different time periods. The results indicate that while there has been little change in the number of lakes over the past century, the lake area has experienced a dramatic decrease of 58.06%. The paper also examines the natural processes and human activities that may have contributed to the decrease in lake area. The results show that the decrease in total lake area appears to coincide with periods of rapid land reclamation in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Moreover, uncontrolled land reclamation activities can create an increase in sediment deposition in lakes thereby further reducing the lake size. Reduction of the lake area directly affects flood-control and has a negative ecological impact on the environment and on human life and property.     

湖泊水面温度遥感定量反演研究综述

湖泊水面温度与藻类生长密切相关,通过获取水体表层温度信息来监测湖泊水面温度时空动态变化,对于蓝藻水华预警监控具有重要意义。湖泊水面温度遥感定量反演的理论方法与反演地表、海洋表面温度基本相同。本文在介绍遥感反演地表温度原理的基础上,总结了国内外基于热红外波段反演水体表面温度的单窗算法、劈窗算法、多通道算法等几种常用方法,重点分析了各算法的优缺点和反演的主要难点,并对今后在内陆水体藻华预测顸警等方面的应用趋势进行了展望。     

鸭儿湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药残留及其分布特征

鸭儿湖地区在上世纪60—70年代有机氯农药（OCPs）污染严重,为了改善水质1975年鸭儿湖开展了水质污染处理,并于2003年和2004年开展了清淤工作.为了解现阶段鸭儿湖地区有机氯农药污染状况,本文于2009年采集了鸭儿湖5个氧化塘20个表层沉积物,对有机氯农药残留进行了研究.利用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）对...     

南四湖流域水污染防治存在的问题及对策

南四湖通过采用"治、用、保"并举的流域污染综合治理措施,把污染治理与水资源循环利用相结合,取得了明显的成效,但仍面临工业结构性污染严重、城市基础设施建设滞后、面源污染突出等问题。根据南四湖实际情况,可从加大资金筹措力度、继续实施流域综合治理、整合现有港口资源、开展生态养殖、加强执法等方面入手,解决流域水污染防治存在的问题。     

Analysis of the trade-off between economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, China

Lake eutrophication leading to water pollution is a major global concern. In recent years, rapid economic growth and the increase in the intensity of resource exploitation in China have caused the influx of nitrogen and phosphorus into lakes. This in turn has led to more severe lake eutrophication, more frequent outbreaks of algal blooms, and the degradation of lake ecosystems. An effective plan balancing economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions is greatly needed. The design and implementation of such a plan requires the collection and analysis of pertinent data. In this paper, we use the environmental computable general equilibrium (ECGE) model to identify the most effective way to balance economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions. For the multiregional analysis, we use social accounting matrices (SAMs) and a provincial trade matrix based on the assumptions of the gravity model. We consider the Poyang Lake Watershed as a case study to illustrate the utility of the model. Based on present conditions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from sectors with the highest emissions is more effective for balancing economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions than restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from all sectors.     

饶河入鄱阳湖口处沉积物中重金属分布特征及形态研究

为了解饶河入鄱阳湖湖口重金属污染状况,在鄱阳湖饶河入湖段设置了3个采样点,用原子吸收分光光度计对沉积物进行了重金属Cu、Pb、Zn的测定,分析了这3种元素在各采样点的形态分布特征.结果表明:饶河人鄱阳湖口处沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn的污染较为严重,呈现出复合污染的趋势.该区域沉积物中3种元素的分布受水流的影响较大,其形态...     

A model on the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu, China

A model of the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu was developed based on the previous developed model EcoTaihu Model, which couples the hydrology, the nutrient cycling and a number of biological processes. The carbon cycling model (abbreviated CCM) has in addition to the states variables of the EcoTaihu Model, the carbon in phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, macroplant, hydrogen carbonate carbon, carbonate carbon, dissolved carbon, abiotic organic carbon in water, organic carbon in sediment, soluble organic carbon in pore water, inorganic carbon in sediments, soluble inorganic carbon in pore water and pH. The calibration and validation of the CCM showed that the model results are in good accordance with the observations (from the period February17 to December. 5, 2003). It implies that the model can be used to assess the variation of the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface, and to find the pH value of the lake water as function of time. According to the model, the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface has clear, diurnal variations. Eutrophied water is a sink for the atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the phytosynthesis during the summer. Due to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake, Lake Taihu is, however, a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The total annual flux is almost equal to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake.